Immunizations of avians by administration of non-replicating vectored vaccines

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to the fields of immunology and vaccine technology. More specifically, the invention relates to recombinant human adenovirus vectors for delivery of avian immunogens and antigens, such as avian influenza into avians. The invention also provides methods of introducing and expressing an avian immunogen in avian subjects, including avian embryos, as well as methods of eliciting an immunogenic response in avian subjects to avian immunogens.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/020,024 filed Sep. 6, 2013, now pending, which is a continuation ofU.S. application Ser. No. 11/504,152 filed Aug. 15, 2006, now abandoned,which claims priority from U.S. provisional application Ser. No.60/708,524 filed Aug. 15, 2005, which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

Mention is also made of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/052,323,filed Jan. 18, 2002; Ser. No. 10/116,963, filed Apr. 5, 2002; Ser. No.10/346,021, filed Jan. 16, 2003 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,706,693; 6,716,823;6,348,450, and PCT/US98/16739, filed Aug. 13, 1998 which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Each of these applications, patents, and each document cited in thistext, and each of the documents cited in each of these applications,patents, and documents (“application cited documents”), and eachdocument referenced or cited in the application cited documents, eitherin the text or during the prosecution of the applications and patentsthereof, as well as all arguments in support of patentability advancedduring prosecution thereof, are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the fields of immunology andvaccine technology. More specifically, the invention relates torecombinant non-replicating vectors such as E1-defective humanadenovirus vectors for delivery of avian immunogens and antigens, suchas avian influenza virus antigens, into avians. The invention alsoprovides methods of introducing and expressing an avian immunogen inavian subjects, including avian embryos, as well as methods of elicitingan immune response in avian subjects to immunogens.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Avian influenza (AI) is a serious pathogen that infects avians, otheranimals, and humans. Since 1997, there have been several incidents oftransmission of AI virus to humans (Subbarao et al., 1998; Ungchusak etal., 2005). Evidence also shows that genetic recombination between avianand human influenza viruses have occurred on multiple occasions inmedical history (Kawaoka et al., 1989). Since avians and humans are inclose contact, it is believed that the generation of new AI virusstrains that could potentially cross the species barrier into the humanpopulation will continue to be a public health concern.

Mass vaccination of avians appears to be the most promising approach toprevent dissemination of AI virus and to reduce the risk of humanpandemics. Vaccination of avians with inactivated whole virus vaccineshas been performed in some countries over the past several years. TheseAI vaccines are prepared from amnio-allantoic fluid harvested frominfected eggs, and are subsequently inactivated by formalin orβ-propiolactone (Tollis and Di Trani, 2002). However, the unpredictableemergence of new AI virus strains, the evolution of Al virus into a formhighly lethal to chicken embryos (Wood et al., 2002), and possibledissemination of lethal AI strains by bioterrorists make the rapiddevelopment and timely supply of safe and efficacious AI vaccine acrucial, yet very difficult, task. In addition, it is not possible todiscriminate field-infected chickens from those previously vaccinatedwith inactivated AI viruses of the same strains (Normile, 2004).

An experimental recombinant fowlpox virus encoding the hemagglutinin(HA) of an AI virus has protected chickens against a H5N2 AI viruschallenge after wing-web puncture, although thehemagglutination-inhibition (HI) serologic response was negligible(Beard et al., 1992). Chickens inoculated through the wing web with alive recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HA also developed protectiveimmunity against a lethal AI virus challenge with low levels of serum HIantibody detected (Chambers et al., 1988). Although AI isolates ofwaterfowl-origin that have a tropism for the alimentary tract have beeninoculated into chickens as an oral AI vaccine (Crawford et al., 1998),those isolates are not expected to be broadly effective against new AIvirus strains, due to the inherently dynamic evolution of this type ofvirus.

Avians have also been immunized by subcutaneous injection of HA proteinsexpressed from baculovirus vectors (Crawford et al., 1999), andinoculation of an expression plasmid encoding HA into the skin using agene gun (Fynan et al., 1993). These AI vaccines are able to protectavians from exhibiting clinical signs and death, and reduce respiratoryand intestinal replication of a challenge virus containing homologousHA. There is also evidence that a low-cost aerosol AI vaccine expressingHA from a Newcastle disease virus vector (Swayne, 2003) or a recombinantinfluenza virus containing a non-pathogenic influenza virus backbone maybe efficacious (Lee et al., 2004; Webby et al., 2004).

Most of the above AI vaccines rely upon labor-intensive parenteraldelivery. The oral and aerosol AI vaccines suffer from inconsistenciesin delivering a uniform dose to individual birds duringmass-inoculation. The replicating vectors used in some vaccines alsopose a biohazard by introducing unnatural microbial forms to theenvironment. The recombined influenza virus vaccine could even generateharmful reassortments through recombination between a reassortantinfluenza virus and a wild AI virus concurrently circulating in theenvironment (Hilleman, 2002).

There are several noteworthy reasons for utilizing recombinantAdenovirus (“Ad”) vectors as a vaccine carrier. Ad vectors are able totransduce both mitotic and postmitotic cells in situ. Additionally,preparation of Ad stocks containing high titers of virus (i.e., greaterthan 10¹² pfu [plaque-forming units] per ml) are easy to generate, whichmakes it possible to transduce cells in situ at high multiplicity ofinfection (MOI). Ad vectors also have a proven safety record, based ontheir long-term use as a vaccine. Further, the Ad virus is capable ofinducing high levels of gene expression (at least as an initial burst),and replication-defective Ad vectors can be easily bioengineered,manufactured, and stored using techniques well known in the art.

Ad-based vaccines are more potent than DNA vaccines due to Ad vector'shigh affinity for specific receptors and its ability to escape theendosomal pathway (Curiel, 1994). Ad vectors may transduce part of achicken embryo through binding of its fiber to the coxsackie andadenovirus receptor (CAR) found on the surface of chicken cells (Tan etal., 2001). In addition, at least one of the Ad components, hexon, ishighly immunogenic and can confer adjuvant activity to exogenousantigens (Molinier-Frenkel et al., 2002).

Ad-based vaccines mimic the effects of natural infections in theirability to induce major histocompatibility complex (MEW) class Irestricted T-cell responses, yet eliminate the possibility of reversionback to virulence because only a subfragment of the pathogen's genome isexpressed from the vector. This “selective expression” may solve theproblem of differentiating vaccinated-but-uninfected animals from theirinfected counterparts, because the specific markers of the pathogen notencoded by the vector can be used to discriminate the two events.Notably, propagation of the pathogen is not required for generatingvectored vaccines because the relevant antigen genes can be amplifiedand cloned directly from field samples (Raj akumar et al., 1990). Thisis particularly important for production of highly virulent AI strains,such as H5N1, because this strain is too dangerous and difficult topropagate (Wood et al., 2002). In addition to the above criteria,commercial concerns factor heavily in the poultry industry. The currentAI vaccine alone costs about 7 cents per bird, not counting the labor ofinjecting running birds (Normile, 2004).

Replication-incompetent E1/E3-defective human Ad serotype 5(Ad5)-derived vectors have been extensively studied in mammals (Grahamand Prevec, 1995). Although chickens have been immunized by subcutaneousor intradermal injection of an avian Ad chicken embryo lethal orphan(CELO) viral vector encoding an antigen (Francois et al., 2004), theCELO vector has a low compliance rate and could be potentially harmfuldue to its ability to replicate in chicken cells. Since CELO possessesno identifiable E1, E3, and E4 regions (Chiocca et al., 1996), areplication-incompetent CELO vector is not available as a carrier forimmunization at this time. The present invention addresses this need byproviding a safe and efficient method for gene delivery to protectavians in a wide variety of disease settings, and consequently preventtransmission of avian pathogens to humans.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been surprisingly shown that intramuscular and in ovodelivery of human adenovirus-vectored vaccines can rapidly, safely, andeffectively immunize avians. Mass immunization of avians against severalavian pathogens is crucial to prevent enormous economic loss, and toimpede transmission of avian pathogens, such as avian influenza virus,to the human population. In ovo delivery of vaccines or immunogeniccompositions with a mechanized injector is a non-labor-intensive methodfor mass immunization of avians in a timely manner. Unlike other in ovoavian vaccines, production of human adenovirus-vectored vaccines orimmunogenic compositions does not require the propagation of lethalpathogens and does not involve transmission of antigens or immunogens bya vector that is capable of replication in avians. Furthermore,immunization by this type of vaccine or immunogenic composition allowsdifferentiation between vaccinated and naturally infected animals.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant humanadenovirus expression vector that comprises and expresses an adenoviralDNA sequence, and a promoter sequence operably linked to a foreignsequence encoding one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest.

Preferably, the human adenoviral sequences are derived from humanadenovirus serotype 5. The human adenoviral sequences can be derivedfrom replication-defective adenovirus, non-replicating adenovirus,replication-competent adenovirus, or wild-type adenovirus.

The promoter sequence can be selected from the group consisting of viralpromoters, avian promoters, CMV promoter, SV40 promoter, β-actinpromoter, albumin promoter, EF1-α promoter, PγK promoter, MFG promoter,and Rous sarcoma virus promoter.

The one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest can be derivedfrom for example, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal diseasevirus, Marek's disease virus, Herpesviruses such as infectiouslaryngotracheitis virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avianreovirus, poxviruses including avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox,quailpox, and dovepox, avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus,avian pneumovirus, avian rhinotracheitis virus, avianreticuloendotheliosis virus, avian retroviruses, avian endogenous virus,avian erythroblastosis virus, avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus,avian enteritis virus, Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus,avian parvovirus, avian rotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avianmusculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avianmyeloblastosis-associated virus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, aviansarcoma virus, or avian spleen necrosis virus.

Preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest arederived from avian influenza, i.e., hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein,matrix, and neuraminidase.

More preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens ofinterest are derived from hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

Another aspect of the invention provides an immunogenic composition orvaccine for in vivo delivery into an avian subject comprising aveterinarily acceptable vehicle or excipient and a recombinant humanadenovirus expression vector that comprises and expresses an adenoviralDNA sequence, and a promoter sequence operably linked to a foreignsequence encoding one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest.

Preferably, the adenoviral DNA sequence is derived from adenovirusserotype 5 (Ad5).

Preferably, the human adenoviral sequences are derived from humanadenovirus serotype 5. The human adenoviral sequences can be derivedfrom replication-defective adenovirus.

The promoter sequence can be selected from the group consisting of viralpromoters, avian promoters, CMV promoter, SV40 promoter, β-actinpromoter, albumin promoter, EF1-α promoter, PγK promoter, MFG promoter,and Rous sarcoma virus promoter.

The one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest can be derivedfrom for example, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal diseasevirus, Marek's disease virus, Herpesviruses such as infectiouslaryngotracheitis virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avianreovirus, poxviruses including avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox,quailpox, and dovepox, avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus,avian pneumovirus, avian rhinotracheitis virus, avianreticuloendotheliosis virus, avian retroviruses, avian endogenous virus,avian erythroblastosis virus, avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus,avian enteritis virus, Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus,avian parvovirus, avian rotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avianmusculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avianmyeloblastosis-associated virus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, aviansarcoma virus, or avian spleen necrosis virus.

Preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest arederived from avian influenza, i.e., hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein,matrix, and neuraminidase.

More preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens ofinterest are derived from hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

The immunogenic composition or vaccine may further comprise an adjuvant.

The immunogenic composition or vaccine may further comprise anadditional vaccine.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of introducing andexpressing one or more avian antigens or immunogens in a cell,comprising contacting the cell with a recombinant human adenovirusexpression vector that comprises and expresses an adenoviral DNAsequence, and a promoter sequence operably linked to a foreign sequenceencoding one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest., andculturing the cell under conditions sufficient to express the one ormore avian antigens or immunogens in the cell.

Preferably, the cell is a 293 cell or a PER.C6 cell.

Preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest arederived from avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus,Marek's disease virus, avian herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitisvirus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox,fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and dovepox, avianpolyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus, avian pneumovirus, avianrhinotracheitis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avianretroviruses, avian endogenous virus, avian erythroblastosis virus,avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus, avian enteritis virus,Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus, avian parvovirus, avianrotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcomavirus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian myeloblastosis-associatedvirus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, or avianspleen necrosis virus.

Preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigensor immunogens of interest is derived from one or more avian viruses.

Preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigensor immunogens of interest is derived from avian influenza.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is selected from the group consistingof hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or

immunogens of interest is selected from the group consisting ofhemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of introducing andexpressing one or more avian influenza antigens or immunogens in anavian embryo, comprising contacting the avian embryo with a recombinanthuman adenovirus expression vector that comprises and expresses anadenoviral DNA sequence, and a promoter sequence operably linked to aforeign sequence encoding one or more avian antigens or immunogens ofinterest, thereby obtaining expression of the one or more avianinfluenza antigens or immunogens in the avian embryo.

Preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigensor immunogens of interest is derived from one or more avian viruses.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is derived from avian influenza.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is selected from the group consistingof hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is selected from the group consistingof hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

The method of introducing and expressing one or more avian influenzaantigens or immunogens in an avian embryo preferably can occur by in ovodelivery.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of elicitingan immunogenic response in an avian subject, comprising administering animmunologically effective amount of the composition of the invention tothe avian subject.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method ofeliciting an immunogenic response in an avian subject, comprisinginfecting the avian subject with an immunologically effective amount ofan immunogenic composition comprising a recombinant human adenovirusexpression vector that comprises and expresses an adenoviral DNAsequence, and a promoter sequence operably linked to a foreign sequenceencoding one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest, whereinthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest are expressedat a level sufficient to elicit an immunogenic response to the one ormore avian antigens or immunogens of interest in the avian subject.

Preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest arederived from avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus,Marek's disease virus, avian herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitisvirus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox,fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and dovepox, avianpolyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus, avian pneumovirus, avianrhinotracheitis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avianretroviruses, avian endogenous virus, avian erythroblastosis virus,avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus, avian enteritis virus,Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus, avian parvovirus, avianrotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcomavirus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian myeloblastosis-associatedvirus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, or avianspleen necrosis virus.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is derived from avian influenza.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is selected from the group consistingof hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is selected from the group consistingof hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

The method may further comprise administering an additional vaccine.

Preferably, the method of infecting occurs by in ovo delivery.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of eliciting animmunogenic response in an avian subject, comprising infecting the aviansubject with an immunologically effective amount of an immunogeniccomposition comprising a recombinant human adenovirus expression vectorthat comprises and expresses an adenoviral DNA sequence, and a promotersequence operably linked to a foreign sequence encoding one or moreavian antigens or immunogens of interest, wherein the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest are expressed at a level sufficientto elicit an immunogenic response to the one or more avian antigens orimmunogens of interest in the avian subject.

Preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest arederived from avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus,Marek's disease virus, avian herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitisvirus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox,fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and dovepox, avianpolyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus, avian pneumovirus, avianrhinotracheitis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avianretroviruses, avian endogenous virus, avian erythroblastosis virus,avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus, avian enteritis virus,Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus, avian parvovirus, avianrotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcomavirus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian myeloblastosis-associatedvirus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, or avianspleen necrosis virus.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is derived from avian influenza.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is selected from the group consistingof hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.

More preferably, the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest is selected from the group consistingof hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

The method may further comprise administering an additional vaccine.

Preferably, the avian subject is infected by intramuscular injection ofthe wing-web, wing-tip, pectoral muscle, or thigh musculature.

The avian subject may also be infected in ovo.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method for inoculation of anavian subject, comprising in ovo administration of a recombinant humanadenovirus containing and expressing an heterologous nucleic acidmolecule encoding an antigen of a pathogen of the avian subject.

Preferably, the human adenovirus comprises sequences derived fromadenovirus serotype 5.

Preferably, the human adenovirus comprises sequences derived fromreplication-defective adenovirus, non-replicating adenovirus,replication-competent adenovirus, or wild-type adenovirus.

Preferably, the antigen of a pathogen of the avian is derived from avianinfluenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus,avian herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian infectiousbronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox,quailpox, and dovepox, avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus,avian pneumovirus, avian rhinotracheitis virus, avianreticuloendotheliosis virus, avian retroviruses, avian endogenous virus,avian erythroblastosis virus, avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus,avian enteritis virus, Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus,avian parvovirus, avian rotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avianmusculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avianmyeloblastosis-associated virus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, aviansarcoma virus, or avian spleen necrosis virus.

More preferably, the antigen of a pathogen of the avian is derived fromavian influenza. More preferably, the avian influenza antigens orimmunogens are selected from the group consisting of hemagglutinin,nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.

More preferably, the avian influenza antigens or immunogens are selectedfrom the group consisting of hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

The method may further comprise administering an additional vaccine.

Another embodiment of the invention provides an in ovo administrationapparatus for delivery of an immunogenic composition to an avian embryowherein the apparatus contains a recombinant human adenovirus expressionvector expressing one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest,wherein the apparatus delivers to the recombinant human adenovirus tothe avian embryo.

Preferably, the human adenovirus expression vector comprises sequencesderived from adenovirus serotype 5.

Preferably, the human adenovirus expression vector comprises sequencesderived from replication-defective adenovirus, non-replicating humanadenovirus, replication-competent adenovirus, or wild-type adenovirus.

Preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest arederived from avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus,Marek's disease virus, avian herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitisvirus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox,fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and dovepox, avianpolyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus, avian pneumovirus, avianrhinotracheitis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avianretroviruses, avian endogenous virus, avian erythroblastosis virus,avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus, avian enteritis virus,Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus, avian parvovirus, avianrotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcomavirus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian myeloblastosis-associatedvirus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, or avianspleen necrosis virus.

More preferably, the one or more avian antigens or immunogens ofinterest are derived from avian influenza.

More preferably, the avian influenza antigens or immunogens are selectedfrom the group consisting of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, orneuraminidase.

More preferably, the avian influenza antigens or immunogens of interestis selected from the group consisting of hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7,or 9.

The method may further comprise administering an additional vaccine.

These and other embodiments are disclosed or are obvious from andencompassed by, the following Detailed Description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following Detailed Description, given by way of example, but notintended to limit the invention to specific embodiments described, maybe understood in conjunction with the accompanying Figures, incorporatedherein by reference, in which:

FIG. 1 is a graph depicting the immunization of chickens by in ovo andintramuscular injection of the recombinant adenovirus vector expressingavian influenza HA. Group 1 represents 9-day-old embryonated chickeneggs and Group 2 represents 18-day-old embryonated chicken eggs,respectively, in a volume of 200μ at a dose of 5×10¹⁰ pfu per egg. InGroup 3, the recombinant adenovirus vector expressing avian influenza HAwas injected intramuscularly into three 4-week-old chickens in a volumeof 100 μl at a dose of 2.5×10¹⁰ pfu per animal.

FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the hemagglutination inhibition antibodytiters (dots) detected in 28-day-old SPF chickens vaccinated withAdTW68.H5 in ovo only at days 10 or 18 of incubation, and chickens thatwere vaccinated in ovo at days 10 or 18 of incubation and were boostedby the nasal route at day 15 post-hatch. Bar, geometric mean log²[HItiter]. No HI titers were detected in naïve control chickens (data notshown).

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the hemagglutination inhibition antibodiesin SPF chickens at days 23 and 29 post-hatch either vaccinated in ovoonly (7 chicks) at day 18 of embryonation or vaccinated in ovo andboosted intranasally at day 15 post-hatch (12 chicks) with AdTW68.H5.D23 and D29, HI titers at days 23 and 29 post-hatch, respectively; dots,log² [HI titer] in individual birds; bar, geometric mean log² [HItiter]. No HI titers were detected in 11 naïve control chickens at days23 and 29 post-hatch (data not shown).

FIG. 4 is a graph depicting in ovo vaccination of day-18 white Leghornchicken embryos. In ovo vaccination was performed using 10¹¹ vp ofAdTW68.H5 (in ovo). In a separate group, in ovo-vaccinated birds wereboosted at day 15 post-hatch by intranasal instillation of AdTW68.H5with the same dose (in ovo+nasal booster). Naïve embryos withoutimmunization served as negative controls (Control). On day 34 of agechickens were intranasally challenged through the choanal slit with alethal dose of the highly pathogenic A/Ck/Queretaro/14588-19/95 (H5N2)AI virus strain. Statistically significant changes in survival weredetermined throughout the study using the Logrank test (Prism 4.03,GraphPad Software). In ovo vaccination with AdTW68.H5 with or withoutnasal booster applications significantly protected chickens (100%)against a lethal challenge with AI virus, when compared to unvaccinatedcontrols (P<0.001).

FIG. 5 is a graph depicting A/Ck/Queretaro/14588-19/95 viral RNAquantitated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (16) in oro-pharyngealsamples from vaccinated and control chickens after intranasal challengewith this highly pathogenic AI virus. Chickens were vaccinated asdescribed in the description of FIG. 3. Samples were collected at 2, 4,and 7 days post-infection. A significant difference (P<0.05) in viralload was achieved at day 7 between vaccinated and unvaccinated controls.

FIG. 6 is a graph depicting in ovo vaccination on day-18 performed byinoculation of the AdTW68.H5 vector at a dose of 3×10⁸ ifu. The Ad5vector was purified by the Sartobind Q5 membrane (Sartorius NorthAmerica, Inc., Edgewood, N.Y.) and resuspended in A195 buffer (Evans,2004). Pre-challenge serum HI antibodies on D25 were analyzed. Minussign (−) indicates birds that succumbed to challenge; plus sign (+)indicates birds that survived challenge. Survivors had significantlyelevated pre-challenge serum HI activity (P<0.001) as compared to thosethat died (unpaired t-test; Prism 4.03). All naïve control birds andbirds immunized by the control vector AdCMV-tetC produced no measurableHI antibody titers.

FIG. 7 is a graph depicting in ovo vaccination on day-18 performed byinoculation of the AdTW68.H5 vector at a dose of 3×10⁸ ifu. The Ad5vector was purified by the Sartobind Q5 membrane (Sartorius NorthAmerica, Inc., Edgewood, N.Y.) and resuspended in A195 buffer (Evans,2004). Control and immunized birds were challenged by intranasaladministration of 10⁵ EID50 of the H5N1 AI virusA/Swan/Mongolia//244L/2005 on D31.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In this disclosure, “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing” and “having”and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent lawand can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like; “consistingessentially of” or “consists essentially” likewise has the meaningascribed in U.S. Patent law and the term is open-ended, allowing for thepresence of more than that which is recited so long as basic or novelcharacteristics of that which is recited is not changed by the presenceof more than that which is recited, but excludes prior art embodiments.

The term “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence” refers to adeoxyribonucleic or ribonucleic oligonucleotide in either single- ordouble-stranded form. The term encompasses nucleic acids, i.e.,oligonucleotides, containing known analogues of natural nucleotides. Theterm also encompasses nucleic-acid-like structures with syntheticbackbones, see e.g., Eckstein, 1991; Baserga et al., 1992; Milligan,1993; WO 97/03211; WO 96/39154; Mata, 1997; Strauss-Soukup, 1997; andSamstag, 1996.

As used herein, “recombinant” refers to a polynucleotide synthesized orotherwise manipulated in vitro (e.g., “recombinant polynucleotide”), tomethods of using recombinant polynucleotides to produce gene products incells or other biological systems, or to a polypeptide (“recombinantprotein”) encoded by a recombinant polynucleotide. “Recombinant means”also encompass the ligation of nucleic acids having various codingregions or domains or promoter sequences from different sources into anexpression cassette or vector for expression of, e.g., inducible orconstitutive expression of polypeptide coding sequences in the vectorsof invention.

The term “heterologous” when used with reference to a nucleic acid,indicates that the nucleic acid is in a cell or a virus where it is notnormally found in nature; or, comprises two or more subsequences thatare not found in the same relationship to each other as normally foundin nature, or is recombinantly engineered so that its level ofexpression, or physical relationship to other nucleic acids or othermolecules in a cell, or structure, is not normally found in nature. Asimilar term used in this context is “exogenous”. For instance, aheterologous nucleic acid is typically recombinantly produced, havingtwo or more sequences from unrelated genes arranged in a manner notfound in nature; e.g., a human gene operably linked to a promotersequence inserted into an adenovirus-based vector of the invention. Asan example, a heterologous nucleic acid of interest can encode animmunogenic gene product, wherein the adenovirus is administeredtherapeutically or prophylactically as a vaccine or vaccine composition.Heterologous sequences can comprise various combinations of promotersand sequences, examples of which are described in detail herein.

An “antigen” is a substance that is recognized by the immune system andinduces an immune response. A similar term used in this context is“immunogen”.

An “avian subject” in the context of the present invention refers to anyand all domestic and wild members of the class Ayes, which include, butare not limited to, Neognathae and Palaeognathae. The Neognathae orderincludes, among others, Anseriformes, Apodiformes, Buceroformes,Caprimulgiformes, Charadriiformes, Ciconiiformes, Coliiformes,

Columbiformes, Coraciiformes, Cuculiformes, Falconiformes,Galbuliformes, Galliformes, Gaviiformes, Gruiformes, Musophagiformes,Opisthocomiformes, Passeriformes, Pelecaniformes, Phoenicopteriformes,Piciformes, Podicipediformes, Procellariiformes, Psittaciformes,Sphenisciformes, Strigiformes, Trochiliformes, Trogoniformes,Turniciformes, and Upupiformes. The Palaeognathae order includes, amongothers, Apterygiformes, Casuariiformes, Dinornithiformes, Rheiformes,Struthioniformes, and Tiniamiformes. Avian subjects can comprise adultavians, avian chicks, and avian embryos/eggs.

“Expression” of a gene or nucleic acid encompasses not only cellulargene expression, but also the transcription and translation of nucleicacid(s) in cloning systems and in any other context.

As used herein, a “vector” is a tool that allows or facilitates thetransfer of an entity from one environment to another. By way ofexample, some vectors used in recombinant DNA techniques allow entities,such as a segment of DNA (such as a heterologous DNA segment, such as aheterologous DNA segment), to be transferred into a target cell. Thepresent invention comprehends recombinant vectors that can include viralvectors, bacterial vectors, protozoan vectors, DNA vectors, orrecombinants thereof.

With respect to exogenous DNA for expression in a vector (e.g., encodingan epitope of interest and/or an antigen and/or a therapeutic) anddocuments providing such exogenous DNA, as well as with respect to theexpression of transcription and/or translation factors for enhancingexpression of nucleic acid molecules, and as to terms such as “epitopeof interest”, “therapeutic”, “immune response”, “immunologicalresponse”, “protective immune response”, “immunological composition”,“immunogenic composition”, and “vaccine composition”, inter alia,reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,091 issued Nov. 23, 1999, andWO 98/00166 and WO 99/60164, and the documents cited therein and thedocuments of record in the prosecution of that patent and those PCTapplications; all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Thus,U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,091 and WO 98/00166 and WO 99/60164 and documentscited therein and documents of record in the prosecution of that patentand those PCT applications, and other documents cited herein orotherwise incorporated herein by reference, can be consulted in thepractice of this invention; and, all exogenous nucleic acid molecules,promoters, and vectors cited therein can be used in the practice of thisinvention. In this regard, mention is also made of U.S. Pat. Nos.6,706,693; 6,716,823; 6,348,450; U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.10/424,409; 10/052,323; 10/116,963; 10/346,021; and WO 99/08713,published Feb. 25, 1999, from PCT/US98/16739.

As used herein, the terms “immunogenic composition” and “immunologicalcomposition” and “immunogenic or immunological composition” cover anycomposition that elicits an immune response against the antigen orimmunogen of interest expressed from the adenoviral vectors and virusesof the invention; for instance, after administration into a subject,elicits an immune response against the targeted immunogen or antigen ofinterest. The terms “vaccinal composition” and “vaccine” and “vaccinecomposition” covers any composition that induces a protective immuneresponse against the antigen(s) of interest, or which efficaciouslyprotects against the antigen; for instance, after administration orinjection into the subject, elicits an protective immune responseagainst the targeted antigen or immunogen or provides efficaciousprotection against the antigen or immunogen expressed from the inventiveadenovirus vectors of the invention. The term “veterinary composition”means any composition comprising a vector for veterinary use expressinga therapeutic protein as, for example, erythropoietin (EPO) or animmunomodulatory protein, such as, for example, interferon (IFN).Similarly, the term “pharmaceutical composition” means any compositioncomprising a vector for expressing a therapeutic protein.

An “immunologically effective amount” is an amount or concentration ofthe recombinant vector encoding the gene of interest, that, whenadministered to a subject, produces an immune response to the geneproduct of interest.

A “circulating recombinant form” refers to recombinant viruses that haveundergone genetic reassortment among two or more subtypes or strains.Other terms used in the context of the present invention is “hybridform”, “recombined form”, and “reassortant form”.

“Clinical isolates” refer to, for example, frequently used laboratorystrains of viruses that are isolated from infected subjects and arereasserted in laboratory cells or subjects with laboratory-adaptedmaster strains of high-growth donor viruses.

“Field isolates” refer to viruses that are isolated from infectedsubjects or from the environment.

The methods of the invention can be appropriately applied to preventdiseases as prophylactic vaccination or provide relief against symptomsof disease as therapeutic vaccination.

The recombinant vectors of the present invention can be administered toa subject either alone or as part of an immunological or immunogeniccomposition. The recombinant vectors of the invention can also be usedto deliver or administer one or more proteins to a subject of interestby in vivo expression of the protein(s).

It is noted that immunological products and/or antibodies and/orexpressed products obtained in accordance with this invention can beexpressed in vitro and used in a manner in which such immunologicaland/or expressed products and/or antibodies are typically used, and thatcells that express such immunological and/or expressed products and/orantibodies can be employed in in vitro and/or ex vivo applications,e.g., such uses and applications can include diagnostics, assays, exvivo therapy (e.g., wherein cells that express the gene product and/orimmunological response are expanded in vitro and reintroduced into thehost or animal), etc., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,091, WO 99/60164 and WO98/00166 and documents cited therein. Further, expressed antibodies orgene products that are isolated from herein methods, or that areisolated from cells expanded in vitro following herein administrationmethods, can be administered in compositions, akin to the administrationof subunit epitopes or antigens or therapeutics or antibodies to induceimmunity, stimulate a therapeutic response and/or stimulate passiveimmunity.

The term “human adenovirus” as used herein is intended to encompass allhuman adenoviruses of the Adenoviridae family, which include members ofthe Mastadenovirus genera. To date, over fifty-one human serotypes ofadenoviruses have been identified (see, e.g., Fields et al., Virology 2,Ch. 67 (3d ed., Lippincott-Raven Publishers)). The adenovirus can be ofserogroup A, B, C, D, E, or F. The human adenovirus can be a serotype 1(Ad 1), serotype 2 (Ad2), serotype 3 (Ad3), serotype 4 (Ad4), serotype 6(Ad6), serotype 7 (Ad7), serotype 8 (Ad8), serotype 9 (Ad9), serotype 10(Ad10), serotype 11 (Ad11), serotype 12 (Ad12), serotype 13 (Ad13),serotype 14 (Ad14), serotype 15 (Ad15), serotype 16 (Ad16), serotype 17(Ad17), serotype 18 (Ad18), serotype 19 (Ad19), serotype 19a (Ad19a),serotype 19p (Ad 19p), serotype 20 (Ad20), serotype 21 (Ad21), serotype22 (Ad22), serotype 23 (Ad23), serotype 24 (Ad24), serotype 25 (Ad25),serotype 26 (Ad26), serotype 27 (Ad27), serotype 28 (Ad28), serotype 29(Ad29), serotype 30 (Ad30), serotype 31 (Ad31), serotype 32 (Ad32),serotype 33 (Ad33), serotype 34 (Ad34), serotype 35 (Ad35), serotype 36(Ad36), serotype 37 (Ad37), serotype 38 (Ad38), serotype 39 (Ad39),serotype 40 (Ad40), serotype 41 (Ad41), serotype 42 (Ad42), serotype 43(Ad43), serotype 44 (Ad44), serotype 45 (Ad45), serotype 46 (Ad46),serotype 47 (Ad47), serotype 48 (Ad48), serotype 49 (Ad49), serotype 50(Ad50), serotype 51 (Ad51), or preferably, serotype 5 (Ad5), but are notlimited to these examples.

Also contemplated by the present invention are recombinant vectors,immunogenic compositions, and recombinant adenoviruses that can comprisesubviral particles from more than one adenovirus serotype. For example,it is known that adenovirus vectors can display an altered tropism forspecific tissues or cell types (Havenga, M. J. E. et al., 2002), andtherefore, mixing and matching of different adenoviral capsids, i.e.,fiber, or penton proteins from various adenoviral serotypes may beadvantageous. Modification of the adenoviral capsids, including fiberand penton can result in an adenoviral vector with a tropism that isdifferent from the unmodified adenovirus. Adenovirus vectors that aremodified and optimized in their ability to infect target cells can allowfor a significant reduction in the therapeutic or prophylactic dose,resulting in reduced local and disseminated toxicity.

Adenovirus is a non-enveloped DNA virus. Vectors derived fromadenoviruses have a number of features that make them particularlyuseful for gene transfer. As used herein, a “recombinant adenovirusvector” is an adenovirus vector that carries one or more heterologousnucleotide sequences (e.g., two, three, four, five or more heterologousnucleotide sequences). For example, the biology of the adenoviruses ischaracterized in detail, the adenovirus is not associated with severehuman pathology, the virus is extremely efficient in introducing its DNAinto the host cell, the virus can infect a wide variety of cells and hasa broad host range, the virus can be produced in large quantities withrelative ease, and the virus can be rendered replication defectiveand/or non-replicating by deletions in the early region 1 (“E1”) of theviral genome.

The genome of adenovirus is a linear double-stranded DNA molecule ofapproximately 36,000 base pairs (“bp”) with a 55-kDa terminal proteincovalently bound to the 5′-terminus of each strand. The Ad DNA containsidentical Inverted Terminal Repeats (“ITRs”) of about 100 bp, with theexact length depending on the serotype. The viral origins of replicationare located within the ITRs exactly at the genome ends. DNA synthesisoccurs in two stages. First, replication proceeds by stranddisplacement, generating a daughter duplex molecule and a parentaldisplaced strand. The displaced strand is single stranded and can form a“panhandle” intermediate, which allows replication initiation andgeneration of a daughter duplex molecule. Alternatively, replication mayproceed from both ends of the genome simultaneously, obviating therequirement to form the panhandle structure.

During the productive infection cycle, the viral genes are expressed intwo phases: the early phase, which is the period up to viral DNAreplication, and the late phase, which coincides with the initiation ofviral DNA replication. During the early phase, only the early geneproducts, encoded by regions E1, E2, E3 and E4, are expressed, whichcarry out a number of functions that prepare the cell for synthesis ofviral structural proteins (Berk, A. J., 1986). During the late phase,the late viral gene products are expressed in addition to the early geneproducts and host cell DNA and protein synthesis are shut off.Consequently, the cell becomes dedicated to the production of viral DNAand of viral structural proteins (Tooze, J., 1981).

The E1 region of adenovirus is the first region of adenovirus expressedafter infection of the target cell. This region consists of twotranscriptional units, the E1A and E1B genes, both of which are requiredfor oncogenic transformation of primary (embryonal) rodent cultures. Themain functions of the E1A gene products are to induce quiescent cells toenter the cell cycle and resume cellular DNA synthesis, and totranscriptionally activate the E1B gene and the other early regions (E2,E3 and E4) of the viral genome. Transfection of primary cells with theE1A gene alone can induce unlimited proliferation (immortalization), butdoes not result in complete transformation. However, expression of E1A,in most cases, results in induction of programmed cell death(apoptosis), and only occasionally is immortalization obtained(Jochemsen et al., 1987). Co-expression of the E1B gene is required toprevent induction of apoptosis and for complete morphologicaltransformation to occur. In established immortal cell lines, high-levelexpression of E1A can cause complete transformation in the absence ofE1B (Roberts, B. E. et al., 1985).

The E1B encoded proteins assist E1A in redirecting the cellularfunctions to allow viral replication. The EIB 55 kD and E4 33 kDproteins, which form a complex that is essentially localized in thenucleus, function in inhibiting the synthesis of host proteins and infacilitating the expression of viral genes. Their main influence is toestablish selective transport of viral mRNAs from the nucleus to thecytoplasm, concomitantly with the onset of the late phase of infection.The E1B 21 kD protein is important for correct temporal control of theproductive infection cycle, thereby preventing premature death of thehost cell before the virus life cycle has been completed. Mutant virusesincapable of expressing the E1B 21 kD gene product exhibit a shortenedinfection cycle that is accompanied by excessive degradation of hostcell chromosomal DNA (deg-phenotype) and in an enhanced cytopathiceffect (cyt-phenotype; Telling et al., 1994). The deg and cyt phenotypesare suppressed when in addition the E1A gene is mutated, indicating thatthese phenotypes are a function of E1A (White, E. et al., 1988).Furthermore, the E1B 21 kDa protein slows down the rate by which E1Aswitches on the other viral genes. It is not yet known by whichmechanisms E1B 21 kD quenches these E1A dependent functions.

In contrast to, for example, retroviruses, adenoviruses do not integrateinto the host cell's genome, are able to infect non-dividing cells, andare able to efficiently transfer recombinant genes in vivo (Brody etal., 1994). These features make adenoviruses attractive candidates forin vivo gene transfer of, for example, an antigen or immunogen ofinterest into cells, tissues or subjects in need thereof.

Adenovirus vectors containing multiple deletions are preferred to bothincrease the carrying capacity of the vector and reduce the likelihoodof recombination to generate replication competent adenovirus (RCA).Where the adenovirus contains multiple deletions, it is not necessarythat each of the deletions, if present alone, would result in areplication defective and/or non-replicating adenovirus. As long as oneof the deletions renders the adenovirus replication defective ornon-replicating, the additional deletions may be included for otherpurposes, e.g., to increase the carrying capacity of the adenovirusgenome for heterologous nucleotide sequences. Preferably, more than oneof the deletions prevents the expression of a functional protein andrenders the adenovirus replication defective and/or non-replicatingand/or attenuated. More preferably, all of the deletions are deletionsthat would render the adenovirus replication-defective and/ornon-replicating and/or attenuated. However, the invention alsoencompasses adenovirus and adenovirus vectors that are replicationcompetent and/or wild-type, i.e. comprises all of the adenoviral genesnecessary for infection and replication in a subject.

Embodiments of the invention employing adenovirus recombinants mayinclude E1-defective or deleted, or E3-defective or deleted, orE4-defective or deleted or adenovirus vectors comprising deletions of E1and E3, or E1 and E4, or E3 and E4, or E1, E3, and E4 deleted, or the“gutless” adenovirus vector in which all viral genes are deleted. Theadenovirus vectors can comprise mutations in E1, E3, or E4 genes, ordeletions in these or all adenoviral genes. The E1 mutation raises thesafety margin of the vector because E1-defective adenovirus mutants aresaid to be replication-defective and/or non-replicating innon-permissive cells, and are, at the very least, highly attenuated. TheE3 mutation enhances the immunogenicity of the antigen by disrupting themechanism whereby adenovirus down-regulates MHC class I molecules. TheE4 mutation reduces the immunogenicity of the adenovirus vector bysuppressing the late gene expression, thus may allow repeatedre-vaccination utilizing the same vector. The present inventioncomprehends adenovirus vectors of any serotype or serogroup that aredeleted or mutated in E1, or E3, or E4, or E1 and E3, or E1 and E4.Deletion or mutation of these adenoviral genes result in impaired orsubstantially complete loss of activity of these proteins.

The “gutless” adenovirus vector is another type of vector in theadenovirus vector family. Its replication requires a helper virus and aspecial human 293 cell line expressing both E1a and Cre, a conditionthat does not exist in natural environment; the vector is deprived ofall viral genes, thus the vector as a vaccine carrier is non-immunogenicand may be inoculated multiple times for re-vaccination. The “gutless”adenovirus vector also contains 36 kb space for accommodating antigen orimmunogen(s) of interest, thus allowing co-delivery of a large number ofantigen or immunogens into cells.

Other adenovirus vector systems known in the art include the AdEasysystem (He et al., 1998) and the subsequently modified AdEasier system(Zeng et al., 2001), which were developed to generate recombinant Advectors in 293 cells rapidly by allowing homologous recombinationbetween donor vectors and Ad helper vectors to occur in Escherichia colicells, such as BJ5183 cells, overnight. pAdEasy comprises adenoviralstructural sequences that, when supplied in trans with a donor vectorsuch as pShuttle-CMV expressing an antigen or immunogen of interest,results in packaging of the antigen or immunogen (e.g., immunogensand/or antigens) in an adenoviral capsid. The sequence of pAdEasy iswell known in the art and is publicly and commercially available throughStratagene.

The present invention can be generated using the AdHigh system (U.S.Patent Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/683,638). AdHigh is a safe,rapid, and efficient method of generating high titers of recombinantadenovirus without the risk of generating RCA, which may be detrimentalor fatal to avian subjects. Further, RCA may be pathogenic to humans andundesirable to be present in the food chain. The AdHigh system usesmodified shuttle plasmids, such as pAdHigh, to promote the production ofRCA-free adenoviruses in permissive cells, such as PER.C6 cells aftergenerating recombinants with an adenovirus backbone plasmid in E. colicells. These shuttle plasmids contain polylinkers or multiple cloningsites for easy insertion of avian immunogens or antigens such as, forexample, avian influenza immunogens or antigens. Recombination of theadenoviral shuttle plasmids in conjunction with an adenoviral helperplasmid such as pAdEasy in bacterial cells (i.e., BJ5183) can be easilyimplemented to produce the recombinant human adenoviruses expressingavian antigens or immunogens of the invention. Methods of producingrecombinant vectors by cloning and restriction analysis are well knownto those skilled in the art.

Specific sequence motifs such as the RGD motif may be inserted into theH-I loop of an adenovirus vector to enhance its infectivity. Thissequence has been shown to be essential for the interaction of certainextracellular matrix and adhesion proteins with a superfamily ofcell-surface receptors called integrins. Insertion of the RGD motif maybe advantageously useful in immunocompromised subjects. An adenovirusrecombinant is constructed by cloning specific antigen or immunogen orfragments thereof into any of the adenovirus vectors such as thosedescribed above. The adenovirus recombinant is used to transduce cellsof a vertebrate use as an immunizing agent. (See, for example, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/424,409, incorporated by reference).

The adenovirus vectors of the present invention are useful for thedelivery of nucleic acids expressing avian antigens or immunogens tocells both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, the inventive vectorscan be advantageously employed to deliver or transfer nucleic acids toanimal, more preferably avian and mammalian cells. Nucleic acids ofinterest include nucleic acids encoding peptides and proteins,preferably therapeutic (e.g., for medical or veterinary uses) orimmunogenic (e.g., for vaccines) peptides or proteins.

Preferably, the codons encoding the antigen or immunogen of interest are“optimized” codons, i.e., the codons are those that appear frequentlyin, i.e., highly expressed avian genes, instead of those codons that arefrequently used by, for example, influenza. Such codon usage providesfor efficient expression of the antigen or immunogen in human or aviancells. In other embodiments, for example, when the antigen or immunogenof interest is expressed in bacteria, yeast or other expression system,the codon usage pattern is altered to represent the codon bias forhighly expressed genes in the organism in which the antigen or immunogenis being expressed. Codon usage patterns are known in the literature forhighly expressed genes of many species (e.g., Nakamura et al., 1996;Wang et al, 1998; McEwan et al. 1998).

As a further alternative, the adenovirus vectors can be used to infect acell in culture to express a desired gene product, e.g., to produce aprotein or peptide of interest. Preferably, the protein or peptide issecreted into the medium and can be purified therefrom using routinetechniques known in the art as well as those provided herein. Signalpeptide sequences that direct extracellular secretion of proteins areknown in the art and nucleotide sequences encoding the same can beoperably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the peptide orprotein of interest by routine techniques known in the art.Alternatively, the cells can be lysed and the expressed recombinantprotein can be purified from the cell lysate. Preferably, the cell is ananimal cell, more preferably an avian or mammalian cell. Also preferredare cells that are competent for transduction by adenoviruses.

Such cells include PER.C6 cells, 911 cells, and HEK293 cells. Theinvention also comprehends the use of avian cells, such as, but notlimited to, avian embryonic fibroblasts, such as DF-1 cells, avian stemcells such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,872,561; 6,642,042;6,280,970; and 6,255,108, incorporated by reference, avian lymphoblasts,avian epithelial cells, among others, such as chicken embryo-derivedcell strain CHCC-OU2 (Ogura, H. et al., 1987; Japanese PatentPublication No. 9-173059), quail-derived cell strain QT-35 (JapanesePatent Publication No. 9-98778). Any avian cell that is competent forinfection, transfection, or any type of gene transfer can be used in thepractice of the invention.

A culture medium for culturing host cells includes a medium commonlyused for tissue culture, such as M199-earle base, Eagle MEM (E-MEM),Dulbecco MEM (DMEM), SC-UCM102, UP-SFM (GIBCO BRL), EX-CELL302(Nichirei), EX-CELL293-S(Nichirei), TFBM-01 (Nichirei), ASF104, amongothers. Suitable culture media for specific cell types can be found atthe American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) or the European Collectionof Cell Cultures (ECACC). Culture media can be supplemented with aminoacids such as L-glutamine, salts, anti-fungal or anti-bacterial agentssuch as Fungizone®, penicillin-streptomycin, animal serum, and the like.The cell culture medium can optionally be serum-free.

The present invention also provides vectors useful as vaccines. Theimmunogen or antigen can be presented in the adenovirus capsid,alternatively, the antigen can be expressed from an antigen or immunogenintroduced into a recombinant adenovirus genome and carried by theinventive adenoviruses. The adenovirus vector can provide any antigen orimmunogen of interest. Examples of immunogens are detailed herein.

The antigens or immunogens are preferably operably associated with theappropriate expression control sequences. Expression vectors includeexpression control sequences, such as an origin of replication (whichcan be bacterial origins, e.g., derived from bacterial vectors such aspBR322, or eukaryotic origins, e.g., autonomously replicating sequences(ARS)), a promoter, an enhancer, and necessary information processingsites, such as ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylationsites, packaging signals, and transcriptional terminator sequences.

For example, the recombinant adenovirus vectors of the invention cancontain appropriate transcription/translation control signals andpolyadenylation signals (e.g., polyadenylation signals derived frombovine growth hormone, SV40 polyadenylation signal) operably associatedwith the antigen or immunogen sequence(s) to be delivered to the targetcell. A variety of promoter/enhancer elements may be used depending onthe level and tissue-specific expression desired. The promoter can beconstitutive or inducible (e.g., the metallothionein promoter),depending on the pattern of expression desired. The promoter may benative or foreign and can be a natural or a synthetic sequence. Byforeign, it is intended that the transcriptional initiation region isnot found in the wild-type host into which the transcriptionalinitiation region is introduced. The promoter is chosen so that it willfunction in the target cell(s) or tissue(s) of interest. Brain-specific,hepatic-specific, and muscle-specific (including skeletal, cardiac,smooth, and/or diaphragm-specific) promoters are contemplated by thepresent invention. Mammalian and avian promoters are also preferred.

The promoter can advantageously be an “early” promoter. An “early”promoter is known in the art and is defined as a promoter that drivesexpression of a gene that is rapidly and transiently expressed in theabsence of de novo protein synthesis. The promoter can also be a“strong” or “weak” promoter. The terms “strong promoter” and “weakpromoter” are known in the art and can be defined by the relativefrequency of transcription initiation (times per minute) at thepromoter. A “strong” or “weak” promoter can also be defined by itsaffinity to RNA polymerase.

More preferably, the antigens or immunogens are operatively associatedwith, for example, a human cytomegalovirus (CMV) major immediate-earlypromoter, a simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter, a β-actin promoter, analbumin promoter, an Elongation Factor 1-α (EF1-α) promoter, a PγKpromoter, a MFG promoter, or a Rous sarcoma virus promoter. Otherexpression control sequences include promoters derived from immunoglobingenes, adenovirus, bovine papilloma virus, herpes virus, and so forth.Any mammalian viral promoter can also be used in the practice of theinvention, in addition to any avian viral promoter. Among avianpromoters of viral origin, the promoters of immediate early (i.e., ICP4,ICP27) genes of the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) virus,early (i.e., thymidine kinase, DNA helicase, ribonucleotide reductase)or late (i.e., gB, gD, gC, gK), of the Marek's disease virus, (i.e., gB,gC, pp38, pp14, ICP4, Meq) or of the herpes virus of turkeys (i.e., gB,gC, ICP4) can be used in the methods and vectors of the presentinvention. Moreover, it is well within the purview of the skilledartisan to select a suitable promoter that expresses the antigen orimmunogen of interest at sufficiently high levels so as to induce orelicit an immunogenic response to the antigen or immunogen, withoutundue experimentation.

It has been speculated that driving heterologous nucleotidetranscription with the CMV promoter can result in downregulation ofexpression in immunocompetent animals (see, e.g., Guo et al., 1996).Accordingly, it is also preferred to operably associate the antigen orimmunogen sequences with, for example, a modified CMV promoter that doesnot result in this down-regulation of antigen or immunogen expression.

The vectors of the invention can also comprise a polylinker or multiplecloning site (“MCS”), which can advantageously be located downstream ofa promoter. The polylinker provides a site for insertion of the antigenor immunogen molecules that are “in-frame” with the promoter sequence,resulting in “operably linking” the promoter sequence to the antigen orimmunogen of interest. Multiple cloning sites and polylinkers are wellknown to those skilled in the art. As used herein, the term “operablylinked” means that the components described are in a relationshippermitting them to function in their intended manner.

Depending on the vector, selectable markers encoding antibioticresistance may be present when used for in vitro amplification andpurification of the recombinant vector, and, in the context of thecommercially available AdEasy, AdEasier, and AdHigh adenoviral systems,to monitor homologous recombination between a donor vector and anadenoviral helper vector. The AdEasy, AdEasier, and AdHigh systemsfacilitate homologous recombination between a donor vector and anadenoviral helper vector at the ITR sequences. Each vector comprises adifferent antibiotic resistance gene, and by dual selection,recombinants expressing the recombined vector can be selected. Examplesof such antibiotic resistance genes that can be incorporated into thevectors of the invention include, but are not limited to, ampicillin,tetracycline, neomycin, zeocin, kanamycin, bleomycin, hygromycin,chloramphenicol, among others.

In embodiments wherein there is more than one antigen or immunogen, theantigen or immunogen sequences may be operatively associated with asingle upstream promoter and one or more downstream internal ribosomeentry site (IRES) sequences (e.g., the picomavirus EMC IRES sequence).

In embodiments of the invention in which the antigen or immunogensequence(s) will be transcribed and then translated in the target cells,specific initiation signals are generally required for efficienttranslation of inserted protein coding sequences. These exogenoustranslational control sequences, which may include the ATG initiationcodon and adjacent sequences, can be of a variety of origins, bothnatural and synthetic.

Any avian antigen or immunogen derived from an avian pathogen can beused in the methods and recombinant vectors of the invention. Preferredantigens or immunogens include, but are not limited to, antigens orimmunogens derived from avian influenza virus, such as hemagglutinin,neuraminidase, matrix, and nucleoprotein antigens or immunogens,infectious bursal disease virus antigens such as VP1, VP1s1, VP1s2, VP2(Heine, H. G. et al., 1991; Dormitorio, T. V. et al., 1997; and Cao, Y.C. et al., 1998), VP2S, VP3, VP4, VP4S and VP5, Marek's disease virusantigens like thymidine kinase, gA, gB, gC, gD, gE, gH, gI, and gL(Coussens et al. 1988); Ross et al. 1989); Ross et al. 1991);International Publication No. WO 90/02803 (1990); Brunovskis andVelicer, 1995); and Yoshida et al. 1994), Herpesviruses such asinfectious laryngotracheitis virus antigens including gA, gB, gD, gE,gI, and gG (Veits, J. et al 2003), avian infectious bronchitis virusantigens such as spike glycoprotein, integral membrane protein M, smallmembrane protein E, and polyprotein (Casais, R. et al 2003), avianreovirus antigens such as capsid, sigma NS, sigma A, sigma B, and sigmaC proteins (Spandidos, D. A. et al, 1976), poxviruses including avipox,fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and dovepox antigens such asthymidine kinase, avian polyomavirus antigens such as VP1, VP2, VP3, andVP4 (Rott, O. et al 1988), Newcastle Disease virus antigens such as HN,P, NP, M, F, and L proteins (reviewed in Alexander, D. J., 1990), avianpneumovirus antigens SH, F, G and N (Seal, B. S., 2000), avianrhinotracheitis virus antigens such as glycoprotein, matrix, fusion, andnucleocapsid (Cook, J. K., 1990), avian reticuloendotheliosis virusantigens such as p29, envelope, gag, protease, and polymerase (Dornburg,R. 1995), avian retroviruses including avian carcinoma virus antigensgag, pol, and env, avian endogenous virus gag, pol, env, capsid, andprotease (Rovigatti, U. G. et al, 1983), avian erythroblastosis virusgag, erbA, erbB (Graf, T. et al, 1983), avian hepatitis virus coreprotein, pol, and surface protein (Cova, L. et al, 1993), avian anemiavirus VP1, VP2, VP3 (Rosenberger, J. K. et al, 1998), avian enteritisvirus antigens polymerase, 52K protein, penton, Ma, and core proteins(Pitcovski, J. et al., 1988), Pacheco's disease virus IE protein,glycoprotein K, helicase, glycoprotein N, VP11-12, glycoprotein H,thymidine kinase, glycoprotein B, and nuclear phosphoprotein (Kaleta E.F., 1990), avian leukemia virus antigens envelope, gag, and polymerase(Graf, T. et al, 1978), avian parvovirus, avian rotavirus antigens likeNSP1, NSP2, NSP3, NSP4, VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, VPS, VP6, and VP7 (Mori, Y.et al, 2003; Borgan, M. A. et al, 2003), avian leukosis virus antigenssuch as envelope, gag, and polymerase (Bieth, E. et al, 1992); avianmusculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus (Kawai, S. et al, 1992), avianmyeloblastosis virus antigens p15, p27, envelope, gag, and polymerase,nucleocapsid, and gs-b (Joliot, V. et al., 1993), avianmyeloblastosis-associated virus (Perbal, B., 1995), avianmyelocytomatosis virus (Petropoulos, C. J., 1997), avian sarcoma virusantigens such as p19 and envelope (Neckameyer, W. S. et al, 1985), andavian spleen necrosis virus gag, envelope, and polymerase (Purchase, H.G. et al, 1975).

Other immunogens/antigens that can be used in the context of the presentinvention include avian bacterial antigens from Pasteurella multocidastrains, such as the 39 kDa capsular protein (Ali, H. A. et al, 2004;Rimler, R. B. 2001), 16-kDa outer membrane protein (Kasten, R. W., etal, 1995), lipopolysaccharide (Baert, K. et al, 2005), Escherichia coli,such as type 1 fimbriae, P fimbriae, and curli (Roland, K. et al, 2004);Fl pilus adhesin, P pilus adhesin, aerobactin receptor protein, andlipopolysaccharide (Kariyawasam, S. et al, 2002), Mycoplasmagallisepticum, such as the major membrane antigen pMGA (also known asP67; Jan, G. et al, 2001; Noormohammadi, A. H. et al, 2002a), TM-1(Saito, S. et al, 1993), adhesin (Barbour, E. K. et al, 1989), P52 (Jan,G. et al, 2001) serum-plate-agglutination (SPA) antigen (Ahmad, I. etal, 1988), Mycoplasma gallinaceum, Mycoplasma gallinarum, Mycoplasmagallopavonis, Mycoplasma synoviae, including antigens such as majormembrane antigen MSPB (Noormohammadi, A. H. et al, 2002b) and 165-kDaprotein (Ben Abdelmoumen, B. et al, 1999), Mycoplasma meleagridis,Mycoplasma iowae, Mycoplasma pullorum, Mycoplasma imitans, Salmonellaenteritidis such as flagellin, porins, OmpA, SEF21 and SEF14 fimbriae(Ochoa-Reparaz, J. et al, 2004), Salmonella enterica serovars such asGallinarum and Typhimurium that express, for example, SEF14 and SEF21(Li, W. et al, 2004), Campylobacter jejuni, such as flagellin, 67-kDaantigen, CjaA, CjaC, and CjaD proteins (Widders, P. R. et al, 1998;Wyszynska, A. et al, 2004), Haemophilus paragallinarum such asserogroups A, B, and C antigens like hemagglutinin (Yamaguchi, T. et al,1988), Riemerella anatipestifer, such as bacterin antigens (Higgins, D.A. et al, 2000), Chlamydia psittaci strains such as serovar A and 6B andexpressing, for example, major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (Vanrompay,D. et al, 1999), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae including 66-64 kDaprotein antigen (Timoney, J. F. et al, 1993), Erysipelothrix insidiosasuch as bacterin (Bigland, C. H. and Matsumoto, J. J., 1975), Brucellaabortus, such as antigens P39 and bacterioferrin (Al-Mariri, A. et al,2001), Borrelia anserina such as 22-kilodalton major outer surfaceprotein (Sambri, V. et al, 1999), outer membrane protein P66 (Bunikis,J. et al, 1998), and OspC (Marconi, R. T. et al, 1993), Alcaligenesfaecalis, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, among manyothers.

The invention also comprehends the use of immunogens/antigens derivedfrom avian protozoal antigens, such as, but not limited to Eimeriaacervulina such as 3-1E antigen (Lillehoj, H. S. et al, 2005; Ding, X.et al, 2004), apical complex antigens (Constantinoiu, C. C. et al,2004), and lactate dehydrogenase (Schaap, D. et al, 2004), Eimeriamaxima such as gam56 and gam82 (Belli, S. I. et al, 2004), 56 and 82 kDaantigen proteins (Belli, S. I. et al, 2002), and EmTFP250 (Witcombe, D.M. et al, 2004), Eimeria necatrix such as 35-kD protein (Tajima, O. etal, 2003), Eimeria tenella such as the TA4 and S07 gene products (Wu, S.Q. et al, 2004; Pogonka, T. et al, 2003) and 12-kDa oocyst wall protein(Karim, M. J. et al, 1996), Eimeria vermiformis, Eimeria adenoeides,Leucocytozoon caulleryi such as R7 outer membrane antigen (Ito, A., etal, 2005), Plasmodium relictum, Plasmodium gallinaceum such as CSPprotein (Grim, K. C. et al, 2004) and 17- and 32-kDa protein antigens(Langer, R. C. et al, 2002), and Plasmodium elongatum, among others.

A preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes avian influenza viralantigens or immunogens. The invention also provides a recombinant vectorexpressing various avian antigens or immunogens, such as, for example, amultivalent vaccine or immunogenic composition that can protect aviansagainst multiple avian diseases with a single injection.

Avian influenza viruses have been transmitted to humans, pigs, horses,and even sea mammals, and have been key contributors to the emergence ofhuman influenza pandemics. Influenza viruses, which belong to theOrthomyxoviridae family, are classified as A, B, and C based onantigenic differences in their nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M1)protein. All avian influenza viruses are classified as type A. Furthersubtyping is based on the antigenicity of two surface glycoproteins,hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Currently, 15 HA and 9 NAsubtypes have been identified among influenza A viruses (Murphy, B. R.et al, 1996; Röhm, C. et al, 1996b). The amino acid sequences of the HA1region, which is responsible for HA antigenicity, differ from subtype tosubtype by 30% or more (Röhm, C. et al, 1996b). Although viruses withall HA and NA subtypes are found in avian species, viral subtypes ofmammalian influenza viruses are limited.

Avian influenza A viruses are defined by their virulence; highlyvirulent types that can cause fowl plagues, and avirulent types thatgenerally cause only mild disease or asymptomatic infection. In rareinstances, however, viruses with low pathogenicity in the laboratorycause outbreaks of severe disease in the field. Nonetheless, themorbidity and mortality associated with these viruses tend to be muchlower than those caused by lethal viruses.

Highly virulent avian influenza viruses have caused outbreaks in poultryin Australia (1976 [H7] (Bashiruddin, J. B. et al, 1992); 1985 [H7](Cross, G. M., 1987; Nestorowicz, A. et al, 1987), 1992 [H7] (Perdue, M.L. et al, 1997), 1995 [H7], and 1997 [H7]), England (1979 [H7] (Wood, G.W., et al, 1993) and 1991 [H5] (Alexander, D. J. et al, 1993), theUnited States (1983 to 1984 [H5] (Eckroade, R. J. et al, 1987), Ireland(1983 to 1984 [H5]) (Kawaoka, Y. et al, 1987), Germany (1979 [H7] (Röhm,C. et al, 1996a), Mexico (1994 to 1995 [H5] (Garcia, M. et al, 1996;Horimoto, T. et al, 1995), Pakistan (1995 [H7] (Perdue, M. L. et al,1997), Italy (1997 [H5]), and Hong Kong (1997 [H5] (Claas, E. J. et al,1988). Without wishing to be bound by any one theory, it is believedthat all of the pathogenic avian influenza A viruses are of the H5 or H7subtype, although the reason for this subtype specificity remainsunknown. There appears to be no association of NA subtypes with virulentviruses. Two additional subtypes, H4 [A/Chicken/Alabama/7395/75 (H4N8)](Johnson, D. C. et al, 1976) and H10 [A/Chicken/Germany/N/49 (H1ON7)],have been isolated from chickens during severe fowl plague-likeoutbreaks.

The structures of influenza A viruses are quite similar (Lamb, R. A. etal, 1996). By electron microscopy, the viruses are pleomorphic,including virions that are roughly spherical (approximately 120 nm indiameter) and filamentous. Two distinct types of spikes (approximately16 nm in length), corresponding to the HA and NA molecules, reside onthe surface of the virions. These two glycoproteins are anchored to thelipid envelope derived from the plasma membrane of host cells by shortsequences of hydrophobic amino acids (transmembrane region). HA is atype I glycoprotein, containing an N-terminal ectodomain and aC-terminal anchor, while NA is a type II glycoprotein, containing anN-proximal anchor and a C-terminal ectodomain. HA enables the virion toattach to cell surface sialyloligosaccharides (Paulson, J. C., 1985) andis responsible for its hemagglutinating activity (Hirst, G. K., 1941).HA elicits virus-neutralizing antibodies that are important inprotection against infection. NA is a sialidase (Gottschalk, A., 1957)that prevents virion aggregation by removing cell and virion surfacesialic acid (the primary moiety in sialyloligosaccharides recognized byHA) (Paulson, J. C., 1985). Antibodies to NA are also important inprotecting hosts (Webster, R. G., et al, 1988).

In addition to HA and NA, a limited number of M1 proteins are integratedinto the virions (Zebedee, S. L. et al, 1988). They form tetramers, haveH1 ion channel activity, and, when activated by the low pH in endosomes,acidify the inside of the virion, facilitating its uncoating (Pinto, L.H. et al, 1992). M1 protein that lies within the envelope is thought tofunction in assembly and budding. Eight segments of single-stranded RNAmolecules (negative sense, or complementary to mRNA) are containedwithin the viral envelope, in association with NP and three subunits ofviral polymerase (PB1, PB2, and PA), which together form aribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that participates in RNA replication andtranscription. NS2 protein, now known to exist in virions (Richardson,J. C. et al, 1991; Yasuda, J. et al, 1993), is thought to play a role inthe export of RNP from the nucleus (O'Neill, R. E. et al, 1998) throughinteraction with M1 protein (Ward, A. C. et al, 1995). NS1 protein, theonly nonstructural protein of influenza A viruses, has multiplefunctions, including regulation of splicing and nuclear export ofcellular mRNAs as well as stimulation of translation (Lamb, R. A. et al,1996). Its major function is believed to counteract the interferonactivity of the host, since an NS1 knockout virus was viable although itgrew less efficiently than the parent virus in interferon-non-defectivecells (Garcia-Sastre, A. et al, 1988).

The avian influenza immunogens or antigens useful in the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, HA, NA, as well as M1, NS2,and NS1. Particularly preferred avian influenza immunogens or antigensare HA and NA. The avian influenza immunogens or antigens can be derivedfrom any known strain of AI, including all avian influenza A strains,clinical isolates, field isolates, and reassortments thereof. Examplesof such strains and subtypes include, but are not limited to, H10N4,HI0N5, HI0N7, H10N8, H10N9, H11N1, H11N13, H11N2, H11N4, H11N6, H11N8,H11N9, H12N1, H12N4, H12N5, H12N8, H13N2, H13N3, H13N6, H13N7, H14N5,H14N6, H15N8, H15N9, H16N3, H1N1, H1N2, H1N3, H1N6, H2N1, H2N2, H2N3,H2N5, H2N7, H2N8, H2N9, H3N1, H3N2, H3N3, H3N4, H3N5, H3N6, H3N8, H4N1,H4N2, H4N3, H4N4, H4N5, H4N6, H4N8, H4N9, H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N7, H5N8,H5N9, H6N1, H6N2, H6N4, H6N5, H6N6, H6N7, H6N8, H6N9, H7N1, H7N2, H7N3,H7N5, H7N7, H7N8, H8N4, H8N5, H9N1, H9N2, H9N3, H9N5, H9N6, H9N7, H9N8,and H9N9. The invention also relates to the use of mutated or otherwisealtered avian influenza immunogens or antigens that reflect, among otherthings, antigenic drift and antigenic shift.

The antigenicity of influenza viruses changes gradually by pointmutation (antigenic drift) or drastically by genetic reassortment(antigenic shift) (Murphy, B. R. et al, 1996). Immunological pressure onHA and NA is thought to drive antigenic drift. Antigenic shift can becaused by either direct transmission of nonhuman influenza viruses tohumans or the reassortment of genes from two different influenza virusesthat have infected a single cell (Webster, R. G. et al, 1982).Theoretically, 256 different combinations of RNA can be produced fromthe shuffling of the eight different genomic segments of the virus.Genetic reassortment is well documented both in vitro and in vivo underlaboratory conditions (Webster, R. G. et al, 1975). More importantly,mixed infections occur relatively frequently in nature and can lead togenetic reassortment, resulting in new field isolates, hybrid forms, orreassortant forms (Bean, W. J. et al, 1980; Hinshaw, V. S. et al, 1980;Young, J. F., et al, 1979). Reemergence of a previously circulatingvirus is another mechanism by which antigenic shift can occur.

Thus, the invention also concerns the use of avian influenza immunogensor antigens that have undergone antigenic drift or antigenic shift,including clinical isolates of avian influenza, field or environmentalisolates of avian influenza, hybrid forms, and reassortant forms ofavian influenza. Moreover, the invention comprehends the use of morethan one avian influenza immunogen or antigen in the vectors and methodsdisclosed herein, delivered either in separate recombinant vectors, ortogether in one recombinant vector so as to provide a multivalent avianinfluenza vaccine or immunogenic composition that stimulates ormodulates immunogenic response to one or more avian influenza strainsand/or hybrids.

Many domestic and wild avian species are infected with influenzaviruses. These include chickens, turkeys, ducks, guinea fowl, domesticgeese, quail, pheasants, partridge, mynah birds, passerines,psittacines, budgerigars, gulls, shorebirds, seabirds, and emu(Easterday, B. C. et al, 1997; Webster, R. G. et al, 1988). Someinfected birds show symptoms of influenza, while others do not. Amongdomestic avian species, turkeys are the most frequently involved inoutbreaks of influenza; chickens have also been involved but lessfrequently. Avian influenza A viruses produce an array of syndromes inbirds, ranging from asymptomatic to mild upper respiratory infections toloss of egg production to rapidly fatal systemic disease (Eckroade, R.J. et al, 1987). The severity of disease depends on multiple factors,including the virulence of the virus, the immune status and diet of thehost, accompanying bacterial infections, and stresses imposed on thehost. Depending on their pathogenicity in chickens and turkeys, avianinfluenza A viruses are classified as virulent (capable of causing fowlplague) or avirulent (causing mild or asymptomatic disease). Even whenhighly pathogenic for one avian species, influenza A viruses may not bepathogenic for another avian species (Alexander, D. J. et al, 1986). Forexample, ducks are typically resistant to viruses that are lethal inchickens. As another example, A/Turkey/Ireland/1378/85 (H5N8), whichreadily kills chickens and turkeys, does not cause disease symptoms inducks, even though it can be detected in a variety of internal organsand in the blood of infected birds (Kawaoka, Y. et al, 1987).

Influenza viruses are secreted from the intestinal tract into the fecesof infected birds (Kida, H., et al, 1980; Webster, R. G. et al, 1978).The modes of transmission can be either direct or indirect; they includecontact with aerosol and other virus-contaminated materials. Sinceinfected birds excrete large amounts of virus in their feces, manydifferent items can become contaminated (e.g., feed, water, equipment,and cages) and contribute to dissemination of the virus. Waterbornetransmission may provide a mechanism for the year-to-year perpetuationof avian influenza viruses in natural waterfowl habitats. The typicalsigns and symptoms manifested by commercial avians, such as poultryinfected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses includedecreased egg production, respiratory signs, rates, excessivelacrimation, sinusitis, cyanosis of unfeathered skin (especially thecombs and wattles), edema of the head and face, ruffled feathers,diarrhea, and nervous system disorders.

The number of presenting features depends on the species and age of thebird, the strain of virus, and accompanying bacterial infections(Easterday, B. C. et al, 1997; Webster, R. G. et al, 1988).Occasionally, a bird will die without showing any signs of illness(Alexander, D. J. et al, 1993; Wood, G. W., et al, 1994). The gross andhistological lesions in chickens inoculated with highly pathogenicviruses are quite similar but do show some strain variation (Alexander,D. J. et al, 1986; Mo, I. P. et al, 1997; Swayne, D. E. et al, 1997).Some of the differences among reported cases may reflect differences inexperimental conditions, including the route of inoculation, the breedand age of the chickens, and the dose of virus. Swelling of themicrovascular endothelium, systemic congestion, multifocal hemorrhages,perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration, and thrombosis are commonlyseen in chickens infected with highly virulent viruses. Such virusesreplicate efficiently in the vascular endothelium and perivascularparenchymatous cells, a property that can be important for viraldissemination and systemic infection (Kobayashi, Y. et al, 1996; Suarez,D. L. et al, 1998). Viral antigens can also be found in necrotic cardiacmyocytes in addition to cells in other organs with necrotic andinflammatory changes (Kobayashi, Y. et al, 1996).

The present invention also relates to methods of expressing one or moreantigens or immunogens in a cell. As a preliminary step in thelaboratory setting, the antigen or immunogen can instead be replaced bya heterologous nucleotide sequences encoding proteins and peptides thatinclude those encoding reporter proteins (e.g., an enzyme). Reporterproteins are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, GreenFluorescent Protein, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, luciferase,alkaline phosphatase, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Manyof these reporter proteins and methods of their detection are includedas a part of many commercially available diagnostic kits. The antigen orimmunogen of interest may encode an antisense nucleic acid, smallinterfering RNAs (siRNAs), a ribozyme, or other non-translated RNAs,such as “guide” RNAs (Gorman et al., 1998), and the like.

The recombinant vectors and methods of the invention also comprehend theuse of therapeutic proteins or adjuvant molecules that can modulateimmune responses upon delivery of recombinant vectors or immunogeniccompositions. Such therapeutic proteins or adjuvant molecules caninclude, but are not limited to, immunomodulatory molecules such asinterleukins, interferon, and co-stimulatory molecules. Avian cytokinesthat are known in the art to modulate immune responses in an aviansubject are chicken interferon-α (IFN α) (Karaca, K. et al, 1998;Schijns, V. E. et al, 2000), chicken interferon-γ (IFN γ), chickeninterleukin-1β (ChIL-1 β (Karaca, K. et al, 1998), chicken interleukin-2(ChIL-2) (Hilton, L. S. et al, 2002), and chicken myelo-monocytic growthfactor (cMGF1 York, J. J. et al, 1996; Djeraba, A. et al, 2002). Theimmunomodulatory molecules can be co-administered with the inventiveimmunogenic compositions, or alternatively, the nucleic acid of theimmunomodulatory molecule(s) can be co-expressed along with the avianimmunogens or antigens in the recombinant vectors of the invention.

Expression in the subject of the heterologous sequence, i.e. avianinfluenza immunogens, can result in an immune response in the subject tothe expression products of the antigen or immunogen. Thus, therecombinant vectors of the present invention may be used in animmunological composition or vaccine to provide a means to induce animmune response, which may, but need not be, protective. The molecularbiology techniques used in the context of the invention are described bySambrook et al. (2001).

Even further alternatively or additionally, in the immunogenic orimmunological compositions encompassed by the present invention, thenucleotide sequence encoding the antigens or immunogens can have deletedtherefrom a portion encoding a transmembrane domain. Yet even furtheralternatively or additionally, the vector or immunogenic composition canfurther contain and express in a host cell a nucleotide sequenceencoding a heterologous tPA signal sequence such as human or avian tPAand/or a stabilizing intron, such as intron II of the rabbit β-globingene.

The present invention also provides a method of delivering and/oradministering a heterologous nucleotide sequence into a cell in vitro orin vivo. According to this method a cell is infected with a recombinanthuman adenovirus vector according to the present invention (as describedin detail herein). The cell may be infected with the adenovirus vectorby the natural process of viral transduction. Alternatively, the vectormay be introduced into the cell by any other method known in the art.For example, the cell may be contacted with a targeted adenovirus vector(as described below) and taken up by an alternate mechanism, e.g., byreceptor-mediated endocytosis. As another example the vector may betargeted to an internalizing cell-surface protein using an antibody orother binding protein.

A vector can be administered to an avian subject in an amount to achievethe amounts stated for gene product (e.g., epitope, antigen,therapeutic, and/or antibody) compositions. Of course, the inventionenvisages dosages below and above those exemplified herein, and for anycomposition to be administered to an avian subject, including thecomponents thereof, and for any particular method of administration, itis preferred to determine therefor: toxicity, such as by determining thelethal dose (LD) and LD⁵⁰ in a suitable avian model; and, the dosage ofthe composition(s), concentration of components therein and timing ofadministering the composition(s), which elicit a suitable response, suchas by titrations of sera and analysis thereof, e.g., by ELISA and/orseroneutralization analysis. Such determinations do not require undueexperimentation from the knowledge of the skilled artisan, thisdisclosure and the documents cited herein.

Examples of compositions of the invention include liquid preparationsfor orifice, or mucosal, e.g., oral, nasal, anal, vaginal, peroral,intragastric, etc., administration such as suspensions, solutions,sprays, syrups or elixirs; and, preparations for parenteral,epicutaneous, subcutaneous (i.e., through lower neck), intradermal,intraperitoneal, intramuscular (i.e., through wing-web, wing-tip,pectoral, and thigh musculature puncture), intranasal, or intravenousadministration (e.g., injectable administration) such as sterilesuspensions or emulsions. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,823issued Apr. 6, 2004; U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,693 issued Mar. 16, 2004; U.S.Pat. No. 6,348,450 issued Feb. 19, 2002; U.S. Application Serial Nos.10/052,323 and 10,116,963; and Ser. No. 10/346,021, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference and which discloseimmunization and delivery of immunogenic or vaccine compositions througha non-invasive mode of delivery, i.e. epicutaneous and intranasaladministration. Other methods of administration and delivery to aviansinclude administering the recombinant vectors or immunogeniccompositions in drinking water or feed, wherein the dose of vaccine canbe selected between 10¹ and 10⁴ per animal.

For intramuscular injections, administration can occur through thebreast (pectoral), leg (upper thigh/lateral flank musculature), wing-web(patagium), under wings (axilla), and wing-tip. The length and diameter(gauge) of the needle used should be such that it will allow delivery ofthe vaccine to the center of the chosen muscle.

A particularly preferred method of administration is in ovo delivery(Gildersleeve, R. P., 1993a; Gildersleeve, R. P. et al, 1993b; Sharma,J. M., 1985; Sharma, J. M. et al, 1984). In ovo delivery is emerging asa promising method for mass immunization of avians as administration ofa uniform dose of vaccines by a robotic injector is both labor- andtime-saving (Johnston et al., 1997; Oshop et al., 2002). To date, over80% of U.S. commercial broiler chickens are treated in ovo with amechanized injector against Marek's disease (Wakenell et al., 2002).This method is also being used increasingly to administer infectiousbursal disease (IBD) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines. Immuneresponses have also been elicited in chickens by in ovo delivery of DNAvaccines (Kapczynski et al., 2003; Oshop et al., 2003) and a replicatingalphavirus-vectored vaccine (Schultz-Cherry et al., 2000). Compared withtheir replicating counterparts, DNA and viral vectored in ovo vaccinesand immunogenic compositions are less likely to kill or harm the embryoand Ad vectors in particular have a higher compliance rate due to theirincompetence to replicate in ovo.

Mechanized systems, apparatuses, and devices, such as those commerciallyavailable as INOVOJECT®, gently injects compounds, vaccines, andimmunogenic compositions in precisely calibrated volumes without causingtrauma to the developing embryo, thereby reducing chick handling,improving hatchery manageability through automation, and reducing costsof live production. INOVOJECT® and other mechanized systems, devices, orapparatuses, work by gently lowering an injection head onto the top ofthe egg and a small diameter hollow punch pierces a small opening in theshell. A needle descends through a tube to a controlled depth (usually2.54 cm), a small, pre-determined volume of vaccine, immunogeniccomposition, or compound is delivered to the embryo, and then the needleis withdrawn and cleansed in a sterilization wash. Methods of in ovovaccine and gene delivery can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,630; RE35973; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,668,753; 6,601,534; 6,506,385; 6,395,961;6,286,455; 6,244,214; 6,240,877; 6,032,612; 5,784,992; 5,699,751;5,438,954; 5,339,766; 5,176,101; 5,136,979; 5,056,464; 4,903,635;4,681,063; U.S. Application Ser. No. 10/686,762, filed on Oct. 16, 2003;Ser. No. 10/216,427, filed on Aug. 9, 2002; 10/074/714, filed on Feb.13, 2002; and Ser. No. 10/043,025, filed on Jan. 9, 2002, the contentsof which are expressly incorporated by reference. Accordingly, theinvention contemplates a device or apparatus for in ovo delivery oradministration of the recombinant vectors, vaccine or immunogeniccompositions described herein. The device or apparatus can optionallycomprise the recombinant human adenovirus vectors or immunogeniccompositions of the present invention, i.e. can be pre-loaded with thevectors or immunogenic compositions for in ovo administration into anavian.

The invention also comprehends sequential administration of inventivecompositions or sequential performance of herein methods, e.g., periodicadministration of inventive compositions such as in the course oftherapy or treatment for a condition and/or booster administration ofimmunological compositions and/or in prime-boost regimens; and, the timeand manner for sequential administrations can be ascertained withoutundue experimentation.

Further, the invention comprehends compositions and methods for makingand using vectors, including methods for producing gene products and/orimmunological products and/or antibodies in vivo and/or in vitro and/orex vivo (e.g., the latter two being, for instance, after isolationtherefrom from cells from a host that has had an administrationaccording to the invention, e.g., after optional expansion of suchcells), and uses for such gene and/or immunological products and/orantibodies, including in diagnostics, assays, therapies, treatments, andthe like.

Vector compositions are formulated by admixing the vector with asuitable carrier or diluent; and, gene product and/or immunologicalproduct and/or antibody compositions are likewise formulated by admixingthe gene and/or immunological product and/or antibody with a suitablecarrier or diluent; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,091, WO 99/60164, WO98/00166, documents cited therein, and other documents cited herein, andother teachings herein (for instance, with respect to carriers, diluentsand the like).

In such compositions, the recombinant vectors may be in admixture with asuitable veterinarily or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent,or excipient such as sterile water, physiological saline, glucose or thelike. The compositions can also be lyophilized. The compositions cancontain auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pHbuffering agents, adjuvants, gelling or viscosity enhancing additives,preservatives, flavoring agents, colors, and the like, depending uponthe route of administration and the preparation desired.

DMSO has been known to enhance the potency of vaccine and immunogeniccompositions, particularly in regard to in ovo delivery of vectors orimmunogenic compositions comprising vectors. DMSO is thought to enhancethe potency of vaccines by increasing the permeability of cellularmembranes (Oshop et al, 2003). Other agents or additives that arecapable of permeabilizing cells, reducing the viscosity of amnioticfluid, and exhibiting a higher compliance rate as compared to DMSO canbe used in the formulation of vaccines or immunogenic compositions,especially when administered by in ovo delivery. Absorption of a varietyof proteins, such as insulin, leptin, and somatotropin, have been shownto be enhanced by surfactants such as tetradecyl maltoside (TDM) withoutappreciable side effects, following intranasal administration (Arnold,et al, 2004). The present invention therefore comprehends the use of TDMin the methods and compositions described herein.

Formulations containing 0.125% TDM can cause moderate alterations incell morphology, while higher concentrations of TDM (i.e., 0.5%) cantransiently induce more extensive morphological changes. TDM is believedto enhance vector delivery in an in ovo setting due to the viscous nasalmucus in mammals and amniotic fluid of embryonated avian eggs. Thesafety profile of TDM as described in Arnold, et al (2004) is alsoparticularly advantageous to promote the health of immunized avians andcompliance for entering the food chain.

The quantity of vector to be administered will vary for the subject andcondition being treated and will vary from one or a few to a few hundredor thousand micrograms of body weight per day and preferably the dose ofvaccine or immunogenic composition being chosen preferably between10¹-10⁶ plaque forming units (PFU), preferably 10²-10⁵ PFU per bird. Forinjection, vaccines containing the above titer should be diluted with apharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable liquid such as physiologicalsaline to a final volume of approximately 0.1 ml or 0.01 ml in the caseof wing web administration. The vectors and methods of the presentinvention permit vaccination in ovo and vaccination of 1-day old-chicks,as well as vaccination of older chicks and adults.

A vector can be non-invasively administered to an avian subject in anamount to achieve the amounts stated for gene product (e.g., epitope,antigen, therapeutic, and/or antibody) compositions. Of course, theinvention envisages dosages below and above those exemplified herein,and for any composition to be administered to an avian subject,including the components thereof, and for any particular method ofadministration, it is preferred to determine therefor: toxicity, such asby determining the lethal dose (LD) and LD⁵⁰ in a suitable avian model;and, the dosage of the composition(s), concentration of componentstherein and timing of administering the composition(s), which elicit asuitable response, such as by titrations of sera and analysis thereof,e.g., by ELISA and/or seroneutralization analysis. Such determinationsdo not require undue experimentation from the knowledge of the skilledartisan, this disclosure and the documents cited herein.

Recombinant vectors can be administered in a suitable amount to obtainin vivo expression corresponding to the dosages described herein and/orin herein cited documents. For instance, suitable ranges for viralsuspensions can be determined empirically. If more than one gene productis expressed by more than one recombinant, each recombinant can beadministered in these amounts; or, each recombinant can be administeredsuch that there is, in combination, a sum of recombinants comprisingthese amounts.

In vector or plasmid compositions employed in the invention, dosages canbe as described in documents cited herein or as described herein or asin documents referenced or cited in herein cited documents.Advantageously, the dosage should be a sufficient amount of plasmid toelicit a response analogous to compositions wherein the antigen(s) aredirectly present; or to have expression analogous to dosages in suchcompositions; or to have expression analogous to expression obtained invivo by recombinant compositions.

However, the dosage of the composition(s), concentration of componentstherein and timing of administering the composition(s), which elicit asuitable immunological response, can be determined by methods such as byantibody titrations of sera, e.g., by ELISA and/or seroneutralizationassay analysis. Such determinations do not require undue experimentationfrom the knowledge of the skilled artisan, this disclosure and thedocuments cited herein. And, the time for sequential administrations canbe likewise ascertained with methods ascertainable from this disclosure,and the knowledge in the art, without undue experimentation.

The immunogenic or immunological compositions contemplated by theinvention can also contain an adjuvant. Suitable adjuvants include fMLP(N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine; U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,537)and/or acrylic acid or methacrylic acid polymer and/or a copolymer ofmaleic anhydride and of alkenyl derivative. The acrylic acid ormethacrylic acid polymers can be cross-linked, e.g., with polyalkenylethers of sugars or of polyalcohols. These compounds are known under theterm “carbomer” (Pharmeuropa, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1996). A personskilled in the art may also refer to U.S. Pat. No. 2,909,462(incorporated by reference), which discusses such acrylic polymerscross-linked with a polyhydroxylated compound containing at least 3hydroxyl groups: in one embodiment, a polyhydroxylated compound containsnot more than 8 hydroxyl groups; in another embodiment, the hydrogenatoms of at least 3 hydroxyls are replaced with unsaturated aliphaticradicals containing at least 2 carbon atoms; in other embodiments,radicals contain from about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms, e.g., vinyls,allyls and other ethylenically unsaturated groups. The unsaturatedradicals can themselves contain other substituents, such as methyl. Theproducts sold under the name Carbopol® (Noveon Inc., Ohio, USA) areparticularly suitable for use as an adjuvant. They are cross-linked withan allyl sucrose or with allylpentaerythritol, as to which, mention ismade of the products Carbopol® 974P, 934P, and 971P.

As to the copolymers of maleic anhydride and of alkenyl derivative,mention is made of the EMA® products (Monsanto), which are copolymers ofmaleic anhydride and of ethylene, which may be linear or cross-linked,for example cross-linked with divinyl ether. Also, reference may be madeto U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,068 and Regelson, W. et al., 1960; incorporatedby reference).

Cationic lipids containing a quaternary ammonium salt are described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,713,068, the contents of which are incorporated byreference, can also be used in the methods and compositions of thepresent invention. Among these cationic lipids, preference is given toDMRIE (N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(tetradecyloxy)-1-propaneammonium; WO96/34109), advantageously associated with a neutral lipid,advantageously DOPE (dioleoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanol amine; Behr J. P.,1994), to form DMRIE-DOPE.

A recombinant vaccine or immunogenic or immunological composition canalso be formulated in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion. Theoil-in-water emulsion can be based, for example, on light liquidparaffin oil (European Pharmacopea type); isoprenoid oil such assqualane, squalene, EICOSANE™ or tetratetracontane; oil resulting fromthe oligomerization of alkene(s), e.g., isobutene or decene; esters ofacids or of alcohols containing a linear alkyl group, such as plantoils, ethyl oleate, propylene glycol di(caprylate/caprate), glyceryltri(caprylate/caprate) or propylene glycol dioleate; esters of branchedfatty acids or alcohols, e.g., isostearic acid esters. The oiladvantageously is used in combination with emulsifiers to form theemulsion. The emulsifiers can be nonionic surfactants, such as esters ofsorbitan, mannide (e.g., anhydromannitol oleate), glycerol,polyglycerol, propylene glycol, and oleic, isostearic, ricinoleic, orhydroxystearic acid, which are optionally ethoxylated, andpolyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer blocks, such as the Pluronic®products, e.g., L121. The adjuvant can be a mixture of emulsifier(s),micelle-forming agent, and oil such as that which is available under thename Provax® (IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, Calif.).

The recombinant adenovirus, or recombinant adenoviral vector expressingone or more antigen or immunogen of interest, e.g., vector according tothis disclosure, can be preserved and/or conserved and stored either inliquid form, at about 5° C., or in lyophilized or freeze-dried form, inthe presence of a stabilizer. Freeze-drying can be according towell-known standard freeze-drying procedures. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable stabilizers may be SPGA (sucrose phosphate glutamate albumin;Bovarnick, et al., 1950), carbohydrates (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol,lactose, sucrose, glucose, dextran, trehalose), sodium glutamate(Tsvetkov, T. et al., 1983; Israeli, E. et al., 1993), proteins such aspeptone, albumin or casein, protein containing agents such as skimmedmilk (Mills, C. K. et al., 1988; Wolff, E. et al., 1990), and buffers(e.g., phosphate buffer, alkaline metal phosphate buffer). An adjuvantand/or a vehicle or excipient may be used to make soluble thefreeze-dried preparations.

The invention will now be further described by way of the followingnon-limiting Examples, given by way of illustration of variousembodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the presentinvention in any fashion.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Construction of an Ad Vector Encoding theA/Panama/2007/99 HA

The influenza virus strain, A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) (SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2),selected for vaccine production in 2003-2004, was provided by theCenters for Disease Control (CDC). The hemagglutinin (HA) gene wascloned by reverse transcription of the influenza RNA, followed byamplification of the HA gene with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) usingthe following primers in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Primers Used in Construction of Ad vectors Primer Sequence 5′ HA5′-CACACAGGTACCGCCATGAAGA CTATCATTGC TTT GAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) 3′ HA5′-CACACAGGTACCTCAAATGCAA ATGTTGCACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10)

These primers contain sequences that anneal to the 5′ and 3′ ends of theA/Panama/2007/99 HA gene, as well as sequences corresponding to aneukaryotic ribosomal binding site (Kozak, 1986) immediately upstreamfrom the HA initiation ATG codon, and KpnI sites for subsequent cloning.The KpnI fragment containing the full-length HA gene was inserted intothe KpnI site of pShuttle-CMV (He et al., 1998) (provided by T. He) inthe correct orientation under transcriptional control of the humancytomegalovirus (CMV) early promoter. An E1/E3-defective Ad5 vectorencoding the A/Panama/2007/99 HA (AdPNM2007/99.H3) was generated inhuman 293 cells using a simplified recombination system as described(Zeng et al., 2001).

The AdPNM2007/99.H3 vector was validated by sequencing both 5′ and 3′junctions between the HA insert and vector. HI antibodies againstA/Panama/2007/99 were elicited in mice after intranasal administrationof AdPNM2007/99.H3.

Example 2. Immunization of Chickens by in Ovo and IntramuscularInjection of a Recombinant Ad Vector

Immunization of chickens by inoculation of a human Ad-vectored vaccinehas not been heretofore reported. Since Ad5 is not naturally found inbirds, this vector was believed to be unable to infect and/or replicatein chicken cells efficiently. Surprisingly, serum HI titers of 512 wereachieved in all 3 chickens two weeks after intramuscular injection ofAdPNM2007/99.H3 (FIG. 1).

When AdPNM2007/99.H3 vectors were injected into 9-day-old and 18-day-oldembryonated chicken eggs, serum HI titers of 8 and 16 were achieved inthe former, and HI titers of <4, 4, and 8 were achieved in the lattertwo weeks post-hatch. The results suggest that the E1/E3-defective humanAd5 vector can be used as a vaccine carrier in avians due to itscompetence to transduce and inability to replicate in avian cells. Therelatively low HI titers induced by in ovo vaccination may be attributedto, among other things, the dosage and the age of the embryos. The Ad5vector may have transduced part of the chicken embryo through binding ofits fiber to the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) found onthe surface of chicken cells (Tan et al., 2001). An immune response canbe elicited in chickens following transduction of only a small number ofcells, because Ad is a potent vector capable of protecting the vectorDNA by disrupting endosomes after internalization (Curiel, 1994). Inaddition, at least one of the Ad components, the hexon, is highlyimmunogenic and confers adjuvant activity to exogenous antigens(Molinier-Frenkel et al., 2002).

The AdPNM2007/99.H3 vector was injected into the amnion of 9-day-old(Group 1) and 18-day-old (Group 2) embryonated chicken eggs,respectively, in a volume of 200 μl at a dose of 5×10¹⁰ pfu per egg.There were 6 eggs per group; however, only 2 birds hatched in Group 1and 3 birds in Group 2. Serum HI titers were determined as described(Van Kampen et al., 2005) 2 weeks post-hatch. In Group 3, theAdPNM2007/99.H3 vector was injected intramuscularly into three4-week-old chickens in a volume of 100 μl at a dose of 2.5×10¹⁰ pfu peranimal. HI titers were determined two weeks post-immunization.

In Group 1 (in ovo immunization of 9-day-old embryos), HI titers of 8and 16 were achieved; in Group 2 (in ovo immunization of 18-day-oldembryos), HI titers of <4 (arbitrarily assigned a titer of 2), 4, and 8were achieved; and in Group 3 (intramuscular immunization of 4-week-oldchickens), HI titers of 512 were achieved in all three birds. FIG. 1shows the HI titers on log² scale. The squares correspond to HI titersin individual birds in Group 1; while the triangles correlate to HItiters in individual birds in Group 2. The circles correspond to HItiters in individual birds in Group 3.

Example 3. Construction of an Ad Vector Encoding theA/Turkey/Wisconsin/68 H Gene (AdTW68.H5)

The DNA template of the A/Turkey/WI/68 H (SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4) encoding theH of the AI virus strain, was provided by USDA Southeast PoultryResearch Laboratory, Athens GA, and was PCR amplified using the primersshown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Primers Used in Construction of Ad vectors Primer Sequence 5′ HA5′CACACAAAGCTTGCCGCCATGGA AAGAATAGTGATTGC3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) 3′ HA5′CACACAGGATCCATCTGAACTCA CAATCCTAGATGC3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11)

These primers contain sequences that anneal to the 5′ and 3′ ends of theA/Turkey/Wisconsin/68 H gene, an eukaryotic ribosomal binding site(Kozak, 1986) immediately upstream from the H initiation ATG codon, andunique restriction sites for subsequent cloning. The fragment containingthe full-length H gene was inserted into the HindIII-BamHI site of theshuttle plasmid pAdApt (provided by Crucell, Leiden, The Netherlands) inthe correct orientation under transcriptional control of the humancytomegalovirus (CMV) early promoter. An RCA-free, E1/E3-defective Advector encoding the A/Turkey/Wisconsin/68 H gene (AdTW68.H5) wassubsequently generated in human PER.C6 cells (provided by Crucell) byco-transfection of pAdApt-TW68.H5 with the Ad5 backbone plasmid pAdEasyl(He et al., 1998) as described (Shi et al., 2001). The AdTW68.H5 vectorwas validated by sequencing both 5′ and 3′ junctions between the Hinsert and the vector backbone.

Ad-vectored in ovo AI vaccines may be produced rapidly andmass-administered into chicken populations within the context of asuperb safety profile in response to an emerging AI pandemic.Large-scale production of RCA-free Ad5 vectors in the well-characterizedPER.C6 cell line in serum-free suspension bioreactors (Lewis, 2006) inconjunction with chromatography-mediated purification (Konz, 2005) andbuffers that do not require freezers for long-term storage (Evans, 2004)should greatly reduce the production costs of Ad5 vectors. The use ofcultured cells instead of embryonated eggs as a substrate for AI vaccineproduction is significant, particularly during an AI outbreak whenfertile eggs may be in short supply. This Ad5-vectored AI vaccine is incompliance with a DIVA strategy because the vector only encodes theviral HA. Thus, analysis of serum HI antibodies together withmeasurement of anti-AI nucleoprotein by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay would allow rapid determination of exposure to the AI vaccine orvirus.

Although an aerosol AI vaccine may be developed by expressing HA from aNewcastle disease virus vector (Swayne, 2003) or a reassortant influenzavirus containing a non-pathogenic influenza virus backbone (Lee, 2004),the RCA-free Ad5-vectored in ovo AI vaccine provides a unique platformcapable of arresting HPAI virus infections in immunized birds throughautomated delivery of a uniform dose of non-replicating AI vaccine thatis compatible with a DIVA strategy. Unlike replicating recombinantvectors that are associated with the risk of generating revertants andallow spread of genetically modified organisms in both target andnon-target species in the environment, the RCA-free Ad5 vectors will notpropagate in the field. In contrast to the reassortant AI virus vaccinethat may generate undesirable further reassortments with a concurrentlycirculating wild influenza virus (Hilleman, 2002), it is not possiblefor the DNA genome of Ad5 to undergo reassortment with the segmented RNAgenome of an influenza virus.

Example 4. In Ovo Inoculation of AdTW68.H5

In ovo inoculation was performed as described (Senne, 1998; Sharma etal., 1982). Before inoculation all embryos were candled for viability,and the site of inoculation marked and disinfected with a solution of70% ethyl alcohol containing 3.5% iodine. A hole was made in the shellusing a rotating drill equipped with a pointed tip. Inoculation wasperformed by the amnion-allantoic route by use of 1 ml syringes. Afterinoculation, the hole was sealed with melted paraffin.

Example 5. Serology Post-Inoculation of AdTW68.H5

AI strain A/Turkey/WI/68 was passaged in SPF embryonated chicken eggs toachieve a titer of 10⁶ embryo infective doses 50%/ml. Amnioallantoicfluids were tested for hemagglutinating activity. Antibody titers inindividual serum samples were determined by hemagglutination inhibitionusing 4 hemagglutinating units of the AI virus as described (Swayne etal., 1998, Thayer et al., 1998).

Example 6. Sampling and Quantification of AI Genomes

Oro-pharyngeal samples from individual birds were suspended in 1.0 ml ofbrain heart infusion medium (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) and stored at −70°C. RNA was extracted by using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen). Quantitativereal-time RT-PCR was performed with primers specific for type Ainfluenza virus matrix RNA, as described previously (Spackman, 2002).Viral RNA was interpolated from the cycle thresholds by using standardcurves generated from known amounts of controlA/Ck/Queretaro/14588-19/95 RNA (10^(6.0) to 10″ EID⁵⁰/mL).

Example 7. Immunization of Chickens by in Ovo Inoculation of AdTW68.H5Followed by Post-Hatch Boost

Immunization of chickens by inoculation was accomplished byadministering 300 μl of the AdTW68.H5 containing 10¹¹ viral particles/ml(vp/ml) into SPF embryonated eggs on days 10 or 18 of embryonation.Hatched chicks of each group were equally divided into two groups: halfof the chickens were revaccinated via the nasal route with the same doseof AdTW68.H5 at day 15 post-hatch, and the remaining chickens did notreceive a booster application post-hatch.

The HI antibody titers detected in sera obtained at day 28 post-hatchfrom these bird groups are shown in FIG. 2. Chicks vaccinated in ovo onday 10 of embryonation showed HI titers varying between 2 and 7 log²(mean of 4.2); chickens vaccinated at day 10 of embryonation withpost-hatch booster application showed HI titers varying between 2 and 9log² (mean of 5.5); chicks vaccinated at day 18 of embryonation showedtiters varying between 2 and 9 log² (mean of 5.5); and chickensvaccinated at day 18 of embryonation and boosted at day 15 post-hatchshowed HI values between 2 and 8 log² (mean of 5.7). Overall, in ovoadministration of this human Ad-vectored AI vaccine induced a robustimmune response against AI in chickens, whereas intranasal instillationof this vectored vaccine into chickens, as recently demonstrated (Gao,2006), is ineffective.

Example 8. In Ovo Inoculation of AdTW68.H5 Protects Against LethalChallenge with the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Strain HPAIA/Ck/Queretaro/19/95 (H5N2)

19 SPF chicken embryos were immunized by the in ovo route at day 18 ofincubation with the same dose of AdTW68.H5 as described in Example 7.Hatched chickens were individually identified by wing band. A group of12 chickens was boosted via the nasal route at day 15 after hatch andthe remaining 7 chickens were not boosted. Blood samples were obtainedfrom each wing-banded bird at days 23 and 29 of age and tested by HI forantibodies against avian influenza strain A/Turkey/Wisconsin/68.Overall, the HI antibody titers detected in these birds (FIG. 3) weresimilar to the values obtained in the previous trial (FIG. 2). Mostbirds achieved titers ≥5 log₂. Chicks inoculated only in ovo achievedtiters between 5 and 9 log² at day 23 post-hatch (FIG. 3). Thosechickens either maintained or increased their antibody titers by day 29post-hatch. In ovo vaccination in conjunction with intranasal boostershowed antibody titers varying between 3 and 9 log₂ by day 23 post-hatch(FIG. 3). Similarly as in the previous group, most chicks had increasedtheir titers by 1 or 2 log₂ steps by day 29 post-hatch.

Challenge was performed in biosafety level 3+facilities byoro-pharyngeal inoculation with 10⁵ embryo infective doses (EID⁵⁰) ofthe HPAI A/Ck/Queretaro/19/95 (H5N2) (Horimoto, 1995, Garcia, 1998). TheH gene of this challenge strain has 90.1% nucleotide identity and 94.4%deduced amino acid similarity with the H of AI strain A/Tk/WI/68 used inthe Ad-vectored vaccine (GenBank accessions U79448 & U79456) (SEQ IDNOs: 5, 6, 7, 8).

A total of 30 chickens, including 7 chicks vaccinated in ovo and 12chicks vaccinated in ovo and subsequently boosted intranasally at day 15post-hatch, as well as 11 unvaccinated controls, were challenged at day34 post-hatch.

Challenged birds were observed daily for morbidity and mortalitythroughout an experimental period of 14 days. Clinical signs of Al,including swelling of comb and wattles, conjunctivitis, anorexia andhypothermia, were observed two days post-challenge in 10 of 11 controlbirds. Two days later, most survivors in the control group exhibitedcomb necrosis, swelling of wattles, diarrhea, dehydration, lethargy, andsubcutaneous hemorrhages of the leg shank. No signs of disease weredeveloped in any of the vaccinated birds. All birds vaccinated with theAdTW68.H5 (19/19) (in ovo only and in ovo+nasal boost) survived thechallenge (FIG. 4).

Viral genomes of the A/Chicken/Queretaro/19/95 in challenged birds werequantitatively determined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerasechain reaction (RT-PCR) in oropharyngeal swabs collected 2, 4, and 7days post-challenge. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in theconcentration of AI viral genomes between vaccinated and unvaccinatedchickens 7 days after challenge (FIG. 5). Absence of detectable viralRNA in immunized birds provides evidence that in ovo vaccinationelicited an immune response capable of controlling AI virus sheddingwithin a week.

These results collectively show that chickens immunized in ovo withRCA-free human Ad vectors encoding H genes from different influenzaviruses (human and avian origin) developed HI antibody titers againstthe homologous AI virus, and were protected against lethal challengewith a highly pathogenic AI virus strain of the same H type.

Example 9. In Ovo Inoculation of AdTW68.H5 Protects Against LethalChallenge with the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza StrainA/Swan/Mongolia/244L/2005 (H5N1)

To determine whether the AdTW68.H5-vectored AI vaccine can conferprotection against a recent H5N1 HPAI virus strain, 31 chickens werevaccinated in ovo with the AdTW68.H5 vector at a dose of 2×10⁸ ifu.Control groups included 10 chickens vaccinated with an Ad5 vector(AdCMV-tetC) encoding an irrelevant antigen (tetanus toxin C-fragment)(Shi et al., 2001) and 10 chickens which were not exposed to Ad5vectors.

On D31, control and immunized chickens were challenged with the H5N1 AIvirus A/Swan/Mongolia/244L/2005 (the HA of this challenge strain has 89%deduced HA amino acid sequence similarity with the HA of theA/Turkey/Wisconsin/68 strain). As shown in FIG. 6, in ovo immunizationinduced antibodies within a range of 1 and 6 log² on D25. None of theunvaccinated (10/10) and AdCMV-tetC-immunized (10/10) birds producedmeasurable HI antibodies and all died from AI within 9 dayspost-challenge, whereas 68% (21/31) of the AdTW68.H5-vaccinated birdssurvived without clinical signs 10 days after the challenge (FIG. 7).Notably, 7 birds in the immunized group with HI titers of >3 log² (FIG.6) were still killed by this highly lethal H5N1 Al virus. It is likelythat the survival rate against this H5N1 AI virus may be improved by inovo vaccination with an Ad5 vector encoding an HA with closerantigenicity.

These results demonstrate that chickens immunized in ovo with anRCA-free human Ad5 vector encoding avian H5 HA could elicit protectiveimmunity against HPAI viruses.

Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the presentinvention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by theappended claims is not to be limited by particular details set forth inthe above description as many apparent variations thereof are possiblewithout departing from the spirit or scope thereof.

The invention will now be further described by the following numberedparagraphs:

1. A recombinant human adenovirus expression vector that comprises andexpresses an adenoviral DNA sequence, and a promoter sequence operablylinked to a foreign sequence encoding one or more avian antigens orimmunogens of interest.

2. The expression vector according to paragraph 1, wherein theadenoviral DNA sequence is derived from adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5).

3. The expression vector according to paragraph 1, wherein theadenoviral DNA sequence is selected from the group consisting ofreplication-defective adenovirus, non-replicating adenovirus,replication-competent adenovirus, or wild-type adenovirus.

4. The expression vector according to paragraph 1, wherein the promotersequence is selected from the group consisting of viral promoters, avianpromoters, CMV promoter, SV40 promoter, β-actin promoter, albuminpromoter, Elongation Factor 1-α (EF1-α) promoter, PγK promoter, MFGpromoter, or Rous sarcoma virus promoter.

5. The expression vector according to paragraph 1, wherein the foreignsequence encoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogens ofinterest is derived from avian influenza virus, infectious bursaldisease virus, Marek's disease virus, avian herpesvirus, infectiouslaryngotracheitis virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avianreovirus, avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and dovepox,avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus, avian pneumovirus, avianrhinotracheitis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avianretroviruses, avian endogenous virus, avian erythroblastosis virus,avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus, avian enteritis virus,Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus, avian parvovirus, avianrotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcomavirus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian myeloblastosis-associatedvirus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, or avianspleen necrosis virus.

6. The expression vector according to paragraph 5, wherein the foreignsequence encoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogens ofinterest is derived from one or more avian viruses.

7. The expression vector according to paragraph 5, wherein the foreignsequence encoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogens ofinterest is derived from avian influenza.

8. The expression vector of paragraph 7, wherein the foreign sequenceencoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest isselected from the group consisting of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein,matrix, or neuraminidase.

9. The expression vector of paragraph 7, wherein the foreign sequenceencoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest isselected from the group consisting of hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or9.

10. An immunogenic composition or vaccine for in vivo delivery into anavian subject comprising a veterinarily acceptable vehicle or excipientand a recombinant human adenovirus expression vector that comprises andexpresses an adenoviral DNA sequence, and a promoter sequence operablylinked to a foreign sequence encoding one or more avian antigens orimmunogens of interest.

11. The immunogenic composition or vaccine of paragraph 10, wherein theadenoviral DNA sequence is derived from adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5).

12. The immunogenic composition or vaccine of paragraph 10, wherein theadenoviral DNA sequence is selected from the group consisting ofreplication-defective adenovirus, non-replicating adenovirus,replication-competent adenovirus, or wild-type adenovirus.

13. The immunogenic composition or vaccine of paragraph 10, wherein thepromoter sequence is selected from the group consisting of viralpromoters, avian promoters, CMV promoter, SV40 promoter, β-actinpromoter, albumin promoter, Elongation Factor 1-α (EF1-α) promoter, PγKpromoter, MFG promoter, or Rous sarcoma virus promoter.

14. The immunogenic composition or vaccine of paragraph 10, wherein theforeign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogensof interest is derived from avian influenza virus, infectious bursaldisease virus, Marek's disease virus, avian herpesvirus, infectiouslaryngotracheitis virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avianreovirus, avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and dovepox,avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus, avian pneumovirus, avianrhinotracheitis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avianretroviruses, avian endogenous virus, avian erythroblastosis virus,avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus, avian enteritis virus,Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus, avian parvovirus, avianrotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcomavirus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian myeloblastosis-associatedvirus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, or avianspleen necrosis virus.

15. The immunogenic composition or vaccine of paragraph 10, wherein theforeign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogensof interest is derived from one or more avian viruses.

16. The immunogenic composition or vaccine of paragraph 10, wherein theforeign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogensof interest is derived from avian influenza.

17. The immunogenic composition or vaccine of paragraph 16, wherein theforeign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogensof interest is selected from the group consisting of hemagglutinin,nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.

18. The immunogenic composition or vaccine of paragraph 17, wherein theforeign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigens or immunogensof interest is selected from the group consisting of hemagglutininsubtype 3 or 5.

19. The composition or vaccine of paragraph 10, further comprising anadjuvant. 20. The composition or vaccine of paragraph 10, furthercomprising an additional vaccine.

21. A method of introducing and expressing one or more avian antigens orimmunogens in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a recombinanthuman adenovirus expression vector that comprises and expresses anadenoviral DNA sequence, and a promoter sequence operably linked to aforeign sequence encoding one or more avian antigens or immunogens ofinterest., and culturing the cell under conditions sufficient to expressthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens in the cell.

22. The method of paragraph 21, wherein the cell is a 293 cell.

23. The method of paragraph 21, wherein the cell is a PER.C6 cell.

24. The method of paragraph 21, wherein the one or more avian antigensor immunogens of interest are derived from avian influenza virus,infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus, avianherpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian infectiousbronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox,quailpox, and dovepox, avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus,avian pneumovirus, avian rhinotracheitis virus, avianreticuloendotheliosis virus, avian retroviruses, avian endogenous virus,avian erythroblastosis virus, avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus,avian enteritis virus, Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus,avian parvovirus, avian rotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avianmusculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avianmyeloblastosis-associated virus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, aviansarcoma virus, or avian spleen necrosis virus.

25. The method of paragraph 24, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is derived fromone or more avian viruses.

26. The method of paragraph 24, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is derived fromavian influenza.

27. The method of paragraph 26, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is selectedfrom the group consisting of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, orneuraminidase.

28. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is selectedfrom the group consisting of hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

29. A method of introducing and expressing one or more avian influenzaantigens or immunogens in an avian embryo, comprising contacting theavian embryo with a recombinant human adenovirus expression vector thatcomprises and expresses an adenoviral DNA sequence, and a promotersequence operably linked to a foreign sequence encoding one or moreavian antigens or immunogens of interest, thereby obtaining expressionof the one or more avian influenza antigens or immunogens in the avianembryo.

30. The method of paragraph 29, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is derived fromone or more avian viruses.

31. The method of paragraph 29, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is derived fromavian influenza.

32. The method of paragraph 31, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is selectedfrom the group consisting of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, orneuraminidase.

33. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is selectedfrom the group consisting of hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

34. The method of paragraph 29 further comprising administering anadditional vaccine.

35. The method of paragraph 29, wherein the contacting occurs by in ovodelivery.

36. A method of eliciting an immunogenic response in an avian subject,comprising administering an immunologically effective amount of thecomposition of any one of paragraphs 10-20 to the avian subject.

37. A method of eliciting an immunogenic response to avian influenza inan avian subject, comprising administering an immunologically effectiveamount of the composition of any one of paragraphs 10-20 to the aviansubject.

38. A method of eliciting an immunogenic response in an avian subject,comprising infecting the avian subject with an immunologically effectiveamount of an immunogenic composition comprising a recombinant humanadenovirus expression vector that comprises and expresses an adenoviralDNA sequence, and a promoter sequence operably linked to a foreignsequence encoding one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest,wherein the one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest areexpressed at a level sufficient to elicit an immunogenic response to theone or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest in the aviansubject.

39. The method of paragraph 38, wherein the one or more avian antigensor immunogens of interest are derived from avian influenza virus,infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus, avianherpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian infectiousbronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox,quailpox, and dovepox, avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus,avian pneumovirus, avian rhinotracheitis virus, avianreticuloendotheliosis virus, avian retroviruses, avian endogenous virus,avian erythroblastosis virus, avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus,avian enteritis virus, Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus,avian parvovirus, avian rotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avianmusculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avianmyeloblastosis-associated virus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, aviansarcoma virus, or avian spleen necrosis virus.

40. The method of paragraph 39, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is derived fromavian influenza.

41. The method of paragraph 40, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is selectedfrom the group consisting of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, orneuraminidase.

42. The method of paragraph 41, wherein the foreign sequence encodingthe one or more avian antigens or immunogens of interest is selectedfrom the group consisting of hemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

43. The method of paragraph 38 further comprising an additional vaccine.

44. The method of paragraph 38, wherein the avian subject is infected byintramuscular injection of the wing-web, wing-tip, pectoral muscle, orthigh musculature.

45. The method of paragraph 38, wherein the avian subject is infected inovo.

46. A method for inoculation of an avian subject, comprising in ovoadministration of a recombinant human adenovirus containing andexpressing an heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding an antigen ofa pathogen of the avian subject.

47. The method of paragraph 46, wherein the human adenovirus comprisessequences derived from adenovirus serotype 5.

48. The method of paragraph 46, wherein the human adenovirus comprisessequences derived from replication-defective adenovirus, non-replicatingadenovirus, replication-competent adenovirus, or wild-type adenovirus.

49. The method of paragraph 46, wherein the antigen of a pathogen of theavian is derived from avian influenza virus, infectious bursal diseasevirus, Marek's disease virus, avian herpesvirus, infectiouslaryngotracheitis virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avianreovirus, avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and dovepox,avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus, avian pneumovirus, avianrhinotracheitis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avianretroviruses, avian endogenous virus, avian erythroblastosis virus,avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus, avian enteritis virus,Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus, avian parvovirus, avianrotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcomavirus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian myeloblastosis-associatedvirus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, or avianspleen necrosis virus.

50. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the antigen of a pathogen of theavian is derived from avian influenza.

51. The method of paragraph 50, wherein the avian influenza antigens orimmunogens are selected from the group consisting of hemagglutinin,nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.

52. The method of paragraph 50, wherein the avian influenza antigens orimmunogens are selected from the group consisting of hemagglutininsubtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

53. The method of paragraph 46 further comprising administering anadditional vaccine.

54. An in ovo administration apparatus for delivery of an immunogeniccomposition to an avian embryo wherein the apparatus contains arecombinant human adenovirus expression vector expressing one or moreavian antigens or immunogens of interest, wherein the apparatus deliversto the recombinant human adenovirus to the avian embryo.

55. The apparatus of paragraph 54, wherein the human adenovirusexpression vector comprises sequences derived from adenovirus serotype5.

56. The apparatus of paragraph 54, wherein the human adenovirusexpression vector comprises sequences derived from replication-defectiveadenovirus, non-replicating human adenovirus, replication-competentadenovirus, or wild-type adenovirus.

57. The apparatus of paragraph 54, wherein the one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest are derived from avian influenzavirus, infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus, avianherpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian infectiousbronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox,quailpox, and dovepox, avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus,avian pneumovirus, avian rhinotracheitis virus, avianreticuloendotheliosis virus, avian retroviruses, avian endogenous virus,avian erythroblastosis virus, avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus,avian enteritis virus, Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus,avian parvovirus, avian rotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avianmusculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avianmyeloblastosis-associated virus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, aviansarcoma virus, or avian spleen necrosis virus.

58. The method of paragraph 57, wherein the one or more avian antigensor immunogens of interest are derived from avian influenza.

59. The method of paragraph 58, wherein the avian influenza antigens orimmunogens are selected from the group consisting of hemagglutinin,nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.

60. The method of paragraph 58, wherein the avian influenza antigens orimmunogens of interest is selected from the group consisting ofhemagglutinin subtype 3, 5, 7, or 9.

61. The method of paragraph 58 further comprising administering anadditional vaccine.

62. A method of immunizing an avian host comprising inoculation of anon-replicating expression vector that encodes one or morepathogen-derived antigens.

REFERENCES

-   1. Ahmad, I., Kleven, S. H., Avakian, A. P., and    Glisson, J. R. (1988) Sensitivity and specificity of Mycoplasma    gallisepticum agglutination antigens prepared from medium with    artificial liposomes substituting for serum. Avian Dis. 32, 519-26.-   2. Al-Mariri, A., Tibor, A., Mertens, P., De Bolle, X., Michel, P.,    Godefroid, J., Walravens, K., and Letesson, J. J. (2001) Protection    of BALB/c mice against Brucella abortus 544 challenge by vaccination    with bacterioferritin or P39 recombinant proteins with CpG    oligodeoxynucleotides as adjuvant. Infect Immun. 69, 4816-22.-   3. Alexander, D. J., Lister, S. A., Johnson, M. J., Randall, C. J.,    and Thomas, P. J. (1993). An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian    influenza in turkeys in Great Britain in 1991. Vet. Rec. 132,    535-536.-   4. Alexander D. J. (1990) Avian Paramyxoviridae—recent developments.    Vet Microbiol. 23, 103-14.-   5. Alexander, D. J., Parsons, G., and Manvell, R. J. (1986)    Experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of eight avian    influenza A viruses of H5 subtype for chickens, turkeys, ducks and    quail. Avian Pathol. 15, 647-662.-   6. Ali, H. A., Sawada, T., and Noda K. (2004) Protectivity of an    immunoaffinity-purified 39 kDa capsular protein of avian Pasteurella    multocida in mice J. Vet. Med. Sci. 66, 1603-4.-   7. Arnold, J. J., Ahsan, F., Meezan, E., and Pillion, D. J. (2004)    Correlation of tetradecylmaltoside induced increases in nasal    peptide drug delivery with morphological changes in nasal epithelial    cells. J. Pharm. Sci. 93, 2205-13.-   8. Baert, K., Duchateau, L., De Bocver, S., Cherlet, M., and De    Backer, P. (2005) Antipyretic effect of oral sodium salicylate after    an intravenous E. coli LPS injection in broiler chickens. Br Poult    Sci. 46, 137-43.-   9. Barbour, E. K., Newman, J. A., Sasipreeyajan, J., Caputa, A. C.,    and Muneer, M. A. (1989) Identification of the antigenic components    of the virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum (R) in chickens: their role    in differentiation from the vaccine strain (F). Vet Immunol    Immunopathol. 21, 197-206.-   10. Baserga, R., and Denhardt, D. T. (eds.)(1992), Antisense    Strategies, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 600,    New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N. Y.-   11. Bashiruddin, J. B., Gould, A. R., and Westbury, H. A. (1992)    Molecular pathotyping of two avian influenza viruses isolated during    the Victoria 1976 outbreak. Aust. Vet. J. 69, 140-142.-   12. Bean, W. J., Cox, N. J., and Kendal, A. P. (1980) Recombination    of human influenza A viruses in nature. Nature 284, 638-640.-   13. Beard, C. W., Schnitzlein, W. M., and Tripathy, D. N. (1992).    Effect of route of administration on the efficacy of a recombinant    fowlpox virus against H5N2 avian influenza. Avian Dis 36, 1052-1055.-   14. Behr, J. P. (1994) Gene transfer with synthetic cationic    amphiphiles: prospects for gene therapy. Bioconjug Chem. 5, 382-9.-   15. Belli, S. I., Lee, M., Thebo, P., Wallach, M. G., Schwartsburd,    B., and Smith, N. C. (2002) Biochemical characterisation of the 56    and 82 kDa immunodominant gametocyte antigens from Eimeria maxima.    Int J Parasitol. 32, 805-16.-   16. Ben Abdelmoumen, B., Roy, R. S., and Brousseau, R. (1999)    Cloning of Mycoplasma synoviae genes encoding specific antigens and    their use as species-specific DNA probes. J Vet Diagn Invest. 11,    162-9.-   17. Berk, A. J. (1986) Adenovirus promoters and E1A transactivation.    Annu Rev Genet. 20, 45-79.-   18. Bieth, E., and Darlix, J. L. (1992) Complete nucleotide sequence    of a highly infectious avian leukosis virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 20,    367.-   19. Bigland, C. H., and Matsumoto, J. J. (1975) Nonspecific    reactions to Mycoplasma antigens caused in turkeys sera by    Erysipelothrix insidiosa bacterin. Avian Dis. 19, 617-21.-   20. Borgan, M. A., Mori, Y., Ito, N., Sugiyama, M., and    Minamoto, N. (2003) Antigenic analysis of nonstructural protein    (NSP) 4 of group A avian rotavirus strain P0-13. Microbiol Immunol.    47, 661-8.-   21. Bovarnick, M. R., Miller, J. C., and Snyder, J. C. (1950) The    influence of certain salts, amino acids, sugars, and proteins on the    stability of rickettsiae. J Bacteriol. 59, 509-22.-   22. Brody, S. L., and Crystal, R. G. (1994) Adenovirus-mediated in    vivo gene transfer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 716, 90-101; discussion 101-3.-   23. Brunovskis, P., and Velicer, L. F. (1995) The Marek's disease    virus (MDV) unique short region: alphaherpesvirus-homologous,    fowlpox virus-homologous, and MDV-specific genes. Virology 206,    324-38.-   24. Bunikis, J., Luke, C. J., Bunikiene, E., Bergstrom, S., and    Barbour, A. G. (1998) A surface-exposed region of a novel outer    membrane protein (P66) of Borrelia spp. is variable in size and    sequence. J Bacteriol. 180, 1618-23.-   25. Cao, Y. C., Yeung, W. S., Law, M., Bi, Y. Z., Leung, F. C., and    Lim, B. L. (1998) Molecular characterization of seven Chinese    isolates of infectious bursal disease virus: classical, very    virulent, and variant strains. Avian Dis. 42, 340-51.-   26. Casais, R., Dove, B., Cavanagh, D., and Britton, P. (2003)    Recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus expressing a    heterologous spike gene demonstrates that the spike protein is a    determinant of cell tropism. J Virol. 77, 9084-9.-   27. Chambers, T. M., Kawaoka, Y., and Webster, R. G. (1988).    Protection of chickens from lethal influenza infection by    vaccinia-expressed hemagglutinin. Virology 167, 414-421.-   28. Chiocca, S., Kurzbauer, R., Schaffner, G., Baker, A., Mautner,    V., and Cotten, M. (1996). The complete DNA sequence and genomic    organization of the avian adenovirus CELO. J Virol 70, 2939-2949.-   29. Claas, E. J., Osterhaus, A. E., Van Beek, R., De Jong, J. C.,    Rimmelzwaan, G. F., Senne, D. A., Krauss, S., Shortridge, K. F., and    Webster, R. G. (1998) Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a    highly pathogenic avian influenza virus Lancet 351, 472-477.-   30. Constantinoiu, C. C., Lillehoj, H. S., Matsubayashi, M., Tani,    H., Matsuda, H., Sasai, K., Baba, E. (2004) Characterization of    stage-specific and cross-reactive antigens from Eimeria acervulina    by chicken monoclonal antibodies. J Vet Med Sci. 66, 403-8.-   31. Cook, J. K. (2000) Avian rhinotracheitis. Rev Sci Tech. 19,    602-13.-   32. Crawford, J., Wilkinson, B., Vosnesensky, A., Smith, G., Garcia,    M., Stone, H., and Perdue, M. L. (1999) Baculovirus-derived    hemagglutinin vaccines protect against lethal influenza infections    by avian H5 and H7 subtypes. Vaccine 17, 2265-2274.-   33. Crawford, J. M., Garcia, M., Stone, H., Swayne, D., Slemons, R.,    and Perdue, M. L. (1998). Molecular characterization of the    hemagglutinin gene and oral immunization with a waterfowl-origin    avian influenza virus. Avian Dis 42, 486-496.-   34. Crook, S. and Lebleu, B. (eds.)(1993) Antisense Research and    Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.-   35. Cross, G. M. (1987) The status of avian influenza in poultry in    Australia, p. 96-103. In Proceedings of the Second International    Symposium on Avian Influenza.-   36. Coussens, P. M., and Velicer, L. F. (1988) Structure and    complete nucleotide sequence of the Marek's disease herpesvirus    gp57-65 gene. J Virol. 62, 2373-9.-   37. Cova, L., Duflot, A., Prave, M., and Trepo, C. (1993) Duck    hepatitis B virus infection, aflatoxin B1 and liver cancer in ducks.    Arch Virol Suppl. 8, 81-7.-   38. Curiel, D. T. (1994). High-efficiency gene transfer employing    adenovirus-polylysine-DNA complexes. Nat Immun 13, 141-164.-   39. Ding, X., Lillehoj, H. S., Quiroz, M. A., Bevensee, E., and    Lillehoj, E. P. (2004) Protective immunity against Eimeria    acervulina following in ovo immunization with a recombinant subunit    vaccine and cytokine genes. Infect Immun. 72, 6939-44.-   40. Djeraba, A., Musset, E., Lowenthal, J. W., Boyle, D. B.,    Chausse, A. M., Peloille, M., and Quere, P. (2002) Protective effect    of avian myelomonocytic growth factor in infection with Marek's    disease virus. J Virol. 76, 1062-70.-   41. Dormitorio, T. V., Giambrone, J. J., and Duck, L. W. (1997)    Sequence comparisons of the variable VP2 region of eight infectious    bursal disease virus isolates. Avian Dis. 41, 36-44.-   42. Dornburg, R. (1995) Reticuloendotheliosis viruses and derived    vectors. Gene Ther. 2, 301-10.-   43. Easterday, B. C., Hinshaw, V. S., and Halvorson, D. A. (1997)    Influenza, p. 583-605. In B. W. Calnek, H. J. Barnes, C. W.    Beard, L. R. McDougald, and Y. M. Saif (eds), Diseases of Poultry.    Iowa State University Press, Ames.-   44. Eckroade, R. J. and Bachin, L. A. S. (1987) Avian influenza in    Pennsylvania: the beginning, p. 22-32. In Proceedings of the Second    International Symposium on Avian Influenza.-   45. Eckstein, F. (eds.) (1992) Oligonucleotides and Analogues, A    Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, N. Y.-   46. Evans, R. K., Nawrocki, K. K., Isopi, L. A., Williams, D. M.,    Casimiro, D. R., Chin, S., Chen, M., Zhu, D. M., Shiver, J. W.,    Volkin, D. B. (2004) Development of stable liquid formulations for    adenovirus-based vaccines. J. Pharm. Sci. 93, 2458-2475.-   47. Fields, B. N., Howley, P. M., Griffin, D. E., Lamb, R. A.,    Martin, M. A., Roizman, B., Straus, S. E., and Knipe, D. M.    (eds)(2001) Fields—Virology, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins,    Philadelphia, Pa.-   48. Francois, A., Chevalier, C., Delmas, B., Eterradossi, N.,    Toquin, D., Rivallan, G., and Langlois, P. (2004). Avian adenovirus    CELO recombinants expressing VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus    induce protection against bursal disease in chickens. Vaccine 22,    2351-2360.-   49. Fynan, E. F., Webster, R. G., Fuller, D. H., Haynes, J. R.,    Santoro, J. C., and Robinson, H. L. (1993). DNA vaccines: Protective    immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations.    Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 11478-11482.-   50. Gao, W., Soloff, A. C. and Lu, X. et al., (2006) Protection of    mice and poultry from lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus through    adenovirus-based immunization. J. Virol. 80, 1959.-   51. Garcia, M., Crawford, J. M., Latimer, J. W., Rivera-Cruz, E.,    and Perdue, M. L. (1996) Heterogeneity in the haemagglutinin gene    and emergence of the highly pathogenic phenotype among recent H5N2    avian influenza viruses from Mexico. J. Gen Virol. 77, 1493-1504.-   52. Garcia, A. Johnson, H., Srivastava, D. K., Jayawardene, D. A.,    Wehr, D. R., Webster, R. G., (1998) Efficacy of inactivated H5N2    influenza vaccines against lethal A/Chicken/Queretaro/19/95    infection. Avian Dis. 42, 248.-   53. Garcia-Sastre, A., Egorov, A., Matassov, D., Brandt, S.,    Levy, D. E., Durbin, J. E., Palese, P., and Muster, T. (1998)    Influenza A virus lacking the NS1 gene replicates in    interferon-deficient systems. Virology 252, 324-330.-   54. Gildersleeve, R. P., (1993) In ovo technology update. Zootec.    Int. 73-77.-   55. Gildersleeve, R. P., Hoyle, C. M., Miles, A. M., Murray, D. L.,    Ricks, C. A., Secrest, M. N., Williams, C. J., and    Womack, C. L. (1993) Developmental performance of an egg injection    machine for administration of Marek's disease vaccine. J. Appl.    Poult. Res. 2, 337-346.-   56. Gorman, L., Suter, D., Emerick, V., Schumperli, D., and    Kole, R. (1998) Stable alteration of pre-mRNA splicing patterns by    modified U7 small nuclear RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95, 4929-34.-   57. Gottschalk, A. (1957) The specific enzyme of influenza virus and    Vibrio cholerae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 23, 645-646.-   58. Graf, T., and Beug, H. (1978) Avian leukemia viruses:    interaction with their target cells in vivo and in vitro. Biochim    Biophys Acta 516, 269-99.-   59. Graf, T., and Beug, H. (1983) Role of the v-erbA and v-erbB    oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus in erythroid cell    transformation. Cell. 34, 7-9.-   60. Graham, F. L., and Prevec, L. (1995). Methods for construction    of adenovirus vectors. Mol Biotechnol 3, 207-220.-   61. Grim, K. C., McCutchan, T., Li, J., Sullivan, M., Graczyk, T.    K., McConkey, G., and Cranfield, M. (2004) Preliminary results of an    anticircumsporozoite DNA vaccine trial for protection against avian    malaria in captive African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus    demersus). J Zoo Wildl Med. 35, 154-61.-   62. Guo, Z. S., Wang, L. H., Eisensmith, R. C., and    Woo, S. L. (1996) Evaluation of promoter strength for hepatic gene    expression in vivo following adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Gene    Ther. 3, 802-10.-   63. Havenga, M. J., Lemckert, A. A., Grimbergen, J. M., Vogels, R.,    Huisman, L. G., Valerio, D., Bout, A., and Quax, P. H. (2001)    Improved adenovirus vectors for infection of cardiovascular tissues.    J Virol. 75, 3335-42.-   64. Havenga, M. J., Lemckert, A. A., Ophorst, O. J., van Meijer, M.,    Germeraad, W. T., Grimbergen, J., van Den Doel, M. A., Vogels, R.,    van Deutekom, J., Janson, A. A., de Bruijn, J. D., Uytdehaag, F.,    Quax, P. H., Logtenberg, T., Mehtali, M., and Bout, A. (2002)    Exploiting the natural diversity in adenovirus tropism for therapy    and prevention of disease. J Virol. 76, 4612-20.-   65. He, T. C., Zhou, S., da Costa, L. T., Yu, J., Kinzler, K. W.,    Vogelstein, B. (1998) A simplified system for generating recombinant    adenovirus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 2509 (1998).-   66. He, T. C., Zhou, S., da Costa, L. T., Yu, J., Kinzler, K. W.,    and Vogelstein, B. (1998). A simplified system for generating    recombinant adenoviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 2509-2514.-   67. Heine, H. G., Haritou, M., Failla, P., Fahey, K., and    Azad, A. (1991) Sequence analysis and expression of the    host-protective immunogen VP2 of a variant strain of infectious    bursal disease virus which can circumvent vaccination with standard    type I strains. J Gen Virol. 72, 1835-43.-   68. Higgins, D. A., Henry, R. R., and Kounev, Z. V. (2000) Duck    immune responses to Riemerella anatipestifer vaccines. Dev Comp    Immunol. 24, 153-67.-   69. Hilleman, M. R. (2002). Realities and enigmas of human viral    influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control. Vaccine 20,    3068-3087.-   70. Hinshaw, V. S., Bean, W. J., Webster, R. G., and    Sriram, G. (1980) Genetic reassortment of influenza A viruses in the    intestinal tract of ducks. Virology 102, 412-419.-   71. Hilton, L. S., Bean, A. G., Kimpton, W. G., and    Lowenthal, J. W. (2002) Interleukin-2 directly induces activation    and proliferation of chicken T cells in vivo. J Interferon Cytokine    Res. 22, 755-63.-   72. Hirst, G. K. (1941) Agglutination of red cells by allantoic    fluid of chick embryos infected with influenza virus. Science 94,    22-23.-   73. Horimoto, T., Rivera, E., Pearson, J., Senne, D., Krauss, S.,    Kawaoka, Y., and Webster, R. G. (1995) Origin and molecular changes    associated with emergence of a highly pathogenic H5N2 influenza    virus in Mexico. Virology 213, 223-230.-   74. Israeli, E., Shaffer, B. T., and Lighthart, B. (1993) Protection    of freeze-dried Escherichia coli by trehalose upon exposure to    environmental conditions. Cryobiology 30, 519-23.-   75. Ito A. Gotanda, T., Kobayashi, S., Kume, K., Sugimoto, C., and    Matsumura, T. (2005) Increase of antibody titer against    Leucocytozoon caulleryi by oral administration of recombinant R7    antigen. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67, 211-3.-   76. Jan, G., Le Henaff, M., Fontenelle, C., and    Wroblewski, H. (2001) Biochemical and antigenic characterisation of    Mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins P52 and P67 (pMGA). Arch    Microbiol. 177, 81-90.-   77. Jochemsen, A. G., Peltenburg, L. T., to Pas, M. F., de Wit, C.    M., Bos, J. L., and van der Eb, A. J. (1987) Activation of    adenovirus 5 E1A transcription by region E1 B in transformed primary    rat cells. EMBO J. 6, 3399-405.-   78. Johnson, D. C., Maxfield, B. G., and Moulthrop, J. I. (1976)    Epidemiologic studies of the 1975 avian influenza outbreak in    chickens in Alabama. Avian Dis. 21, 167-177.-   79. Johnston, P. A., Liu, H., O'Connell, T., Phelps, P., Bland, M.,    Tyczkowski, J., Kemper, A., Harding, T., Avakian, A., Haddad, E., et    al. (1997). Applications in in ovo technology. Poult Sci 76,    165-178.-   80. Joliot, V., Boroughs, K., Lasserre, F., Crochet, J., Dambrine,    G., Smith, R. E., and Perbal, B. (1993) Pathogenic potential of    myeloblastosis-associated virus: implication of env proteins for    osteopetrosis induction. Virology 195, 812-9.-   81. Kaleta, E. F. (1990) Herpesviruses of birds—a review. Avian    Pathol. 10, 193-211.-   82. Kapczynski, D. R., Hilt, D. A., Shapiro, D., Sellers, H. S., and    Jackwood, M. W. (2003). Protection of chickens from infectious    bronchitis by in ovo and intramuscular vaccination with a DNA    vaccine expressing the Si glycoprotein. Avian Dis 47, 272-285.-   83. Karaca, K., Sharma, J. M., Winslow, B. J., Junker, D. E., Reddy,    S., Cochran, M., and McMillen, J. (1998) Recombinant fowlpox viruses    coexpressing chicken type I IFN and Newcastle disease virus HN and F    genes: influence of IFN on protective efficacy and humoral responses    of chickens following in ovo or post-hatch administration of    recombinant viruses. Vaccine. 16, 1496-503.-   84. Karim, M. J., Basak, S. C., and Trees, A. J. (1996)    Characterization and immunoprotective properties of a monoclonal    antibody against the major oocyst wall protein of Eimeria tenella.    Infect Immun. 64, 1227-32.-   85. Kariyawasam, S., Wilkie, B. N., Hunter, D. B., and    Gyles, C. L. (2002) Systemic and mucosal antibody responses to    selected cell surface antigens of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli    in experimentally infected chickens. Avian Dis. 46, 668-78.-   86. Kasten, R. W., Hansen, L. M., Hinojoza, J., Bieber, D.,    Ruehl, W. W., and Hirsh, D. C. (1995) Pasteurella multocida produces    a protein with homology to the P6 outer membrane protein of    Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun. 63, 989-93.-   87. Kawai, S., Goto, N., Kataoka, K., Saegusa, T., Shinno-Kohno, H.,    and Nishizawa, M. (1992) Isolation of the avian transforming    retrovirus, AS42, carrying the v-maf oncogene and initial    characterization of its gene product. Virology 188, 778-84.-   88. Kawaoka, Y., Nestorowicz, A., Alexander, D. J., and    Webster, R. G. (1987) Molecular analyses of the hemagglutinin genes    of H5 influenza viruses: origin of a virulent turkey strain.    Virology 158, 218-227.-   89. Kawaoka, Y., Krauss, S., and Webster, R. G. (1989).    Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses    in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. J Virol 63, 4603-4608.-   90. Kida, H., Yanagawa, R., and Matsuoka, Y. (1980) Duck influenza    lacking evidence of disease signs and immune response. Infect.    Immun. 30, 547-553.-   91. Kobayashi, Y., Horimoto, T., Kawaoka, Y., Alexander, D. J., and    Itakura, C. (1996) Pathological studies of chickens experimentally    infected with two highly pathogenic avian influenza strains. Avian    Pathol. 25, 285-304.-   92. Konz, J. O. et al. (2005) Serotype specificity of adenovirus    purification using anion-exchange chromatography. Hum. Gene Ther.    16, 1346-1353.-   93. Kozak, M. (1986). Point mutations define a sequence flanking the    AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic    ribosomes. Cell 44, 283-292.-   94. Lamb, R. A. and Krug, R. M. (1996) Orthomyxoviruses: the viruses    and their replication, p. 1353-1395. In B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe,    and P. M. Howley (ed.), Fields virology, 3^(rd) Lippincott-Raven,    Philadelphia, Pa.-   95. Langer, R. C., Li, F., and Vinetz, J. M. Identification of novel    Plasmodium gallinaceum zygote- and ookinete-expressed proteins as    targets for blocking malaria transmission. Infect Immun. 70, 102-6.-   96. Lee, C. W., Senne, D. A., and Suarez, D. L. (2004). Generation    of reassortant influenza vaccines by reverse genetics that allows    utilization of a DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated    Animals) strategy for the control of avian influenza. Vaccine 22, 3    1 75-3181.-   97. Lewis, J. A., Brown, E. L. & Duncan, P. A. (2006) Approaches to    the release of a master cell bank of PER.C6 cells; a novel cell    substrate for the manufacture of human vaccines. Dev. Biol. (Basel)    123, 165-176.-   98. Li, W., Watarai, S., Iwasaki, T., and Kodama, H. (2004)    Suppression of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis excretion by    intraocular vaccination with fimbriae proteins incorporated in    liposomes. Dev Comp Immunol. 28, 29-38.-   99. Lillehoj, H. S., Ding, X., Quiroz, M. A., Bevensee, E., and    Lillehoj, E. P. (2005) Resistance to intestinal coccidiosis    following DNA immunization with the cloned 3-1E Eimeria gene plus    IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-gamma. Avian Dis. 49, 112-7.-   100. Marconi, R. T., Samuels, D. S., Schwan, T. G., and    Garon, C. F. (1993) Identification of a protein in several Borrelia    species which is related to OspC of the Lyme disease spirochetes. J    Clin Microbiol. 31, 2577-83.-   101. Mata, J. E., Joshi, S. S., Palen, B., Pirruccello, S. J.,    Jackson, J. D., Elias, N., Page, T. J., Medlin, K. L., and    Iversen, P. L. (1997) A hexameric phosphorothioate oligonucleotide    telomerase inhibitor arrests growth of Burkitt's lymphoma cells in    vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 144, 189-97.-   102. McEwan, N. R., and Gatherer, D. (1998) Adaptation of standard    spreadsheet software for the analysis of DNA sequences.    Biotechniques 24, 131-6, 138.-   103. Milligan, J. F., Matteucci, M. D., and Martin, J. C. (1993)    Current concepts in antisense drug design. J Med Chem. 36, 1923-37.-   104. Mills, C. K., and Gherna, R. L. (1988) Cryopreservation studies    of Campylobacter. Cryobiology 25, 148-52.-   105. Mo, I. P., Brugh, M., Fletcher, O. J., Rowland, G. N., and    Swayne, D. E. (1997) Comparative pathology of chickens    experimentally inoculated with avian influenza viruses of low and    high pathogenicity. Avian Dis. 41, 125-136.-   106. Mori, Y., Borgan, M. A., Takayama, M., Ito, N., Sugiyama, M.,    and Minamoto, N. (2003) Roles of outer capsid proteins as    determinants of pathogenicity and host range restriction of avian    rotaviruses in a suckling mouse model. Virology 316, 126-34.-   107. Molinier-Frenkel, V., Lengagne, R., Gaden, F., Hong, S. S.,    Choppin, J., Gahery-Segard, H., Boulanger, P., and Guillet, J. G.    (2002). Adenovirus hexon protein is a potent adjuvant for activation    of a cellular immune response. J Virol 76, 127-135.-   108. Murphy, B. R. and Webster, R. G. (1996) Orthomyxoviruses, p.    1397-1445. In B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (ed.),    Fields virology, 3^(rd) ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa.-   109. Nakamura, Y., Wada, K., Wada, Y., Doi, H., Kanaya, S.,    Gojobori, T., and Ikemura, T. (1996) Codon usage tabulated from the    international DNA sequence databases. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 214-5.-   110. Neckameyer, W. S., and Wang, L. H. (1985) Nucleotide sequence    of avian sarcoma virus UR2 and comparison of its transforming gene    with other members of the tyrosine protein kinase oncogene family. J    Virol. 53, 879-84.-   111. Nestorowicz, A., Kawaoka, Y., Bean, W. J., and Webster, R.    G., (1987) Molecular analysis of the hemagglutinin genes of    Australian H7N7 influenza viruses: role of passerine birds in    maintenance or trainsmission? Virology 160, 411-418.-   112. Noormohammadi, A. H., Browning, G. F., Cowling, P. J.,    O'Rourke, D., Whithear, K. G., and Markham, P. F. (2002a) Detection    of antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine is-11 by an    autologous pMGA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Dis. 46,    405-11.-   113. Noormohammadi, A. H., Browning, G. F., Jones, J., and    Whithear, K. G. (2002b) Improved detection of antibodies to    Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine MS-H using an autologous recombinant    MSPB enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Pathol. 31, 611-7.-   114. Normile, D. (2004). Influenza: girding for disaster.    Vaccinating birds may help to curtail virus's spread. Science 306,    398-399.-   115. O'Neill, R. E., Talon, J., and Palese, P. (1998) The influenza    virus NEP (NS2 protein) mediates the nuclear export of viral    ribonucleoproteins. EMBO J. 17, 288-296.-   116. Ochoa-Reparaz, J., Sesma, B., Alvarez, M., Jesus Renedo, M.,    Irache, J. M., and Gamazo, C. (2004) Humoral immune response in hens    naturally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis against outer    membrane proteins and other surface structural antigens. Vet Res.    35, 291-8.-   117. Oshop, G. L., Elankumaran, S., and Heckert, R. A. (2002). DNA    vaccination in the avian. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 89, 1-12.-   118. Oshop, G. L., Elankumaran, S., Vakharia, V. N., and    Heckert, R. A. (2003). In ovo delivery of DNA to the avian embryo.    Vaccine 21, 1275-1281.-   119. Paulson, J. C. (1985) Interactions of animal viruses with cell    surface receptors, p. 131-219. In M. Connor (ed.), The receptors.    Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Fla.-   120. Perbal, B. (1995) Pathogenic potential of    myeloblastosis-associated viruses. Infect Agents Dis. 4, 212-27.-   121. Perdue, M. L., Garcia, M., and Senne, D. (1997)    Virulence-associated sequence duplication at the    hemaggltinidcleavage site of avian influenza viruses. Virus Res. 49,    173-186.-   122. Petropoulos, C. J., Appendix 2: Retroviral Taxonomy, protein    structure, sequences, and genetic maps. In: Coffin, J. M. (Ed.);    RETROVIRUSES: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring    Harbor, N. Y. USA (1997).-   123. Pinto, L. H., Holsinger, L. J., and Lamb, R. A. (1992)    Influenza virus M2 protein has ion channel activity. Cell 69,    517-528.-   124. Pitcovski, J., Mualem, M., Rei-Koren, Z., Krispel, S., Shmueli,    E., Peretz, Y., Gutter, B., Gallili, G. E., Michael, A., and    Goldberg, D. (1998) The complete DNA sequence and genome    organization of the avian adenovirus, hemorrhagic enteritis virus.    Virology 249, 307-15.-   125. Pogonka, T., Klotz, C., Kovacs, F., and Lucius, R. (2003) A    single dose of recombinant Salmonella typhimurium induces specific    humoral immune responses against heterologous Eimeria tenella    antigens in chicken. Int J Parasitol. 33, 81-8.-   126. Purchase, H. G., and Witter, R. L. (1975) The    reticuloendotheliosis viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 71,    103-24.-   127. Rajakumar, A., Swierkosz, E. M., and Schulze, I. T. (1990).    Sequence of an influenza virus hemagglutinin determined directly    from a clinical sample. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 4154-4158.-   128. Regelson, W., Kuhar, S., Tunis, M., Fields, J., Johnson, J.,    Gluesenkamp, E. (1960) Synthetic polyelectrolytes as tumour    inhibitors. Nature. 186, 778-80.-   129. Richardson, J. C., and Akkina, R. K. (1991) NS2 protein of    influenza virus is found in purified virus and phosphorylated in    infected cells. Arch. Virol. 116, 69-80.-   130. Rimler, R. B. (2001) Purification of a cross-protective antigen    from Pasteurella multocida grown in vitro and in vivo. Avian Dis.    45, 572-80.-   131. Roberts, B. E., Miller, J. S., Kimelman, D., Cepko, C. L.,    Lemischka, I. R., and Mulligan, R. C. (1985) Individual adenovirus    type 5 early region 1A gene products elicit distinct alterations of    cellular morphology and gene expression. J Virol. 56, 404-13.-   132. Rohm, C., Siiss, J., Pohle, V., and Webster, R. G. (1996a)    Different hemagglutinin cleavage site variants of H7N7 in an    influenza outbreak in chickens in Leipzig, Germany. Virology 218,    253-257.-   133. Röhm, C., Zhou, N. A., Siiss, J., Mackenzie, J., and    Webster, R. G. (1996b) Characterization of a novel influenza    hemagglutinin, H15: criteria for determination of influenza A    subtypes. Virology 217, 508-516.-   134. Roland, K., Karaca, K., and Sizemore, D. (2004) Expression of    Escherichia coli antigens in Salmonella typhimurium as a vaccine to    prevent airsacculitis in chickens. Avian Dis. 48, 595-605.-   135. Rosenberger, J. K., and Cloud, S. S. (1998) Chicken anemia    virus. Poult Sci. 77, 1190-2.-   136. Ross, L. J., Sanderson, M., Scott, S. D., Binns, M. M., Doel,    T., and Milne, B. (1989) Nucleotide sequence and characterization of    the Marek's disease virus homologue of glycoprotein B of herpes    simplex virus. J Gen Virol. 70, 1789-804.-   137. Ross, L. J., and Binns, M. M. (1991) Properties and    evolutionary relationships of the Marek's disease virus homologues    of protein kinase, glycoprotein D and glycoprotein I of herpes    simplex virus. J Gen Virol. 72, 939-47.-   138. Rott, O., Kroger, M., Muller, H., and Hobom, G. (1988) The    genome of budgerigar fledgling disease virus, an avian polyomavirus.    Virology 165, 74-86.-   139. Rovigatti, U. G., and Astrin, S. M. (1983) Avian endogenous    viral genes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 103, 1-21.-   140. Saito, S., Fujisawa, A., Ohkawa, S., Nishimura, N., Abe, T.,    Kodama, K., Kamogawa, K., Aoyama, S., Iritani, Y., and    Hayashi, Y. (1993) Cloning and DNA sequence of a 29 kilodalton    polypeptide gene of Mycoplasma gallisepticum as a possible    protective antigen. Vaccine 11, 1061-6.-   141. Sambri, V., Marangoni, A., Olmo, A., Storni, E., Montagnani,    M., Fabbi, M., and Cevenini, R. (1999) Specific antibodies reactive    with the 22-kilodalton major outer surface protein of Borrelia    anserina Ni-NL protect chicks from infection. Infect Immun. 67,    2633-7.-   142. Sambrook, J., Russell, D. W., and Sambrook, J. (2001) Molecular    Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.-   143. Samstag, W., Eisenhardt, S., Offensperger, W. B., and    Engels, J. W. (1996) Synthesis and properties of new antisense    oligodeoxynucleotides containing benzylphosphonate linkages.    Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 6, 153-6.-   144. Schaap, D., Arts, G., Kroeze, J., Niessen, R.,    Roosmalen-Vos, S. V., Spreeuwenberg, K., Kuiper, C. M.,    Beek-Verhoeven, N. V., Kok, J. J., Knegtel, R. M., and    Vermeulen, A. N. (2004) An Eimeria vaccine candidate appears to be    lactate dehydrogenase; characterization and comparative analysis.    Parasitology. 128, 603-16.-   145. Schijns, V. E., Weining, K. C., Nuijten, P., Rijke, E. O., and    Staeheli, P. (2000) Immunoadjuvant activities of E. coli- and    plasmid-expressed recombinant chicken IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma and    IL-1beta in 1-day- and 3-week-old chickens. Vaccine. 18, 2147-54.-   146. Schultz-Cherry, S., Dybing, J. K., Davis, N. L., Williamson,    C., Suarez, D. L., Johnston, R., and Perdu6, M. L. (2000). Influenza    virus (A/HK/156/97) hemagglutinin expressed by an alphavirus    replicon system protects chickens against lethal infection with Hong    Kong-origin H5N1 viruses. Virology 278, 55-59.-   147. Seal, B. S. (2000) Avian pneumoviruses and emergence of a new    type in the United States of America. Anim Health Res Rev. 1, 67-72.-   148. Senne, D. A., in A laboratory manual for the isolation and    identification of avian pathogens Swayne, D. E., Glisson, J. R.,    Jackwood, M. W., Pearson, J. E., Reed, W. M., Eds. (American    Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, P A, 1998) pp.    235-240.-   149. Sharma, J. M. (1985) Embryo vaccination with infectious bursal    disease virus alone or in combination with Marek's disease vaccine.    Avian Dis. 27, 134-139.-   150. Sharma, J. M. and Burmester, B. R. (1982) Resistance of Marek's    disease at hatching in chickens vaccinated as embryos with the    turkey herpesvirus. Avian Dis. 26, 134-139.-   151. Shi, Z., Zeng, M., Yang, G., Siegel, F., Cain, L. J., van    Kampen, K., Elmets, C. A., and Tang, D. C. Protection against    tetanus by needle-free inoculation of adenovirus-vectored nasal and    epicutaneous vaccines. J. Virol. 75, 11474 (2001).-   152. Spackman, E., Senne, D. A., Myers, T. J., Bulaga, L. L.,    Garber, L. P., Perdue, M. L., Lohman, K., Daum, L. T., Suarez, D. L.    Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type    A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes. J.    Clin. Microbiol. 40, 3256 (2002).-   153. Spandidos, D. A., and Graham, A. F. (1976) Physical and    chemical characterization of an avian reovirus. J Virol. 19, 968-76.-   154. Strauss-Soukup, J. K., Vaghefi, M. M., Hogrefe, R. I.,    Maher, L. J., 3rd. (1997) Effects of neutralization pattern and    stereochemistry on DNA bending by methylphosphonate substitutions.    Biochemistry. 36, 8692-8.-   155. Suarez D. L., Perdue, M. K., Cox, N., Rowe, T., Bender, C.,    Huang, J., and Swayne, D. E. (1998) Comparisons of highly virulent    H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated from humans and chickens from Hong    Kong. J. Virol. 72, 6678-6688.-   156. Subbarao, K., Klimov, A., Katz, J., Regnery, H., Lim, W., Hall,    H., Perdue, M., Swayne, D., Bender, C., Huang, J., et al. (1998).    Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from    a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 279, 393-396.-   157. Swayne, D. E., Perdue, M. L., Garcia, M., Rivera-Cruz, E., and    Brugh, M. (1997) Pathogenicity and diagnosis of H5N2 Mexican avian    influenza viruses in chickens. Avian Dis. 41, 335-346.-   158. Swayne, D. E. (2003). Vaccines for List A poultry diseases:    emphasis on avian influenza. Dev Biol (Basel) 114, 201-212.-   159. Swayne, D. E., Senne, D. A. and Beard., C. W., in A laboratory    Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens D. E.    Swayne, J. R. Glisson, M. W. Jackwood, J. E. Pearson, and W. M.    Reed, Eds. (American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett    Square, P A, 1998) pp. 150-155.-   160. Tajima, O., Onaga, H., and Nakamura, T. (2003) An enzyme-linked    immunosorbent assay with the recombinant merozoite protein as    antigen for detection of antibodies to Eimeria necatrix. Avian Dis.    47, 309-18.-   161. Tan, P. K., Michou, A. I., Bergelson, J. M., and Cotten, M.    (2001). Defining CAR as a cellular receptor for the avian adenovirus    CELO using a genetic analysis of the two viral fibre proteins. J Gen    Virol 82, 1465-1472.-   162. Telling, G. C., Perera, S., Szatkowski-Ozers, M., and    Williams, J. (1994) Absence of an essential regulatory influence of    the adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein on viral growth and early    gene expression in human diploid WI38, HeLa, and A549 cells. J    Virol. 68, 541-7.-   163. Thayer, S. G. and Beard, C. W., in A laboratory Manual for the    Isolation and Identification of avian pathogens D. E. Swayne, J. R.    Glisson, M. W. Jackwood, J. E. Pearson, and W. M. Reed, Eds.    (American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, P    A, 1998) pp. 255-266.-   164. Timoney, J. F., and Groschup, M. M. (1993) Properties of a    protective protein antigen of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Vet    Microbiol. 37, 381-7.-   165. Tollis, M., and Di Trani, L. (2002). Recent developments in    avian influenza research: epidemiology and immunoprophylaxis. Vet J    164, 202-215.-   166. Tooze, J. (1980) DNA Tumor Viruses (Part 2): Moelcular Biology    of Tumor Viruses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring    Harbor, N. Y.-   167. Tsvetkov, T., and Brankova, R. (1983) Viability of micrococci    and lactobacilli upon freezing and freeze-drying in the presence of    different cryoprotectants. Cryobiology 20, 318-23.-   168. Ungchusak, K., Auewarakul, P., Dowell, S. F., Kitphati, R.,    Auwanit, W., Puthavathana, P., Uiprasertkul, M., Boonnak, K.,    Pittayawonganon, C., Cox, N. J., et al. (2005). Probable    person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). N Engl J    Med 352, 333-340.-   169. Van Kampen, K. R., Shi, Z., Gao, P., Zhang, J., Foster, K. W.,    Chen, D. T., Marks, D., Elmets, C. A., and Tang, D. C. (2005).    Safety and immunogenicity of adenovirus-vectored nasal and    epicutaneous influenza vaccines in humans. Vaccine 23, 1029-1036.-   170. Vanrompay, D., Cox, E., Volckaert, G., and Goddeeris, B. (1999)    Turkeys are protected from infection with Chlamydia psittaci by    plasmid DNA vaccination against the major outer membrane protein.    Clin Exp Immunol. 118, 49-55.-   171. Veits, J., Mettenleiter, T. C., and Fuchs, W. (2003) Five    unique open reading frames of infectious laryngotracheitis virus are    expressed during infection but are dispensable for virus replication    in cell culture. J Gen Virol. 84, 1415-25.-   172. Wakenell, P. S., Bryan, T., Schaeffer, J., Avakian, A.,    Williams, C., and Whitfill, C. (2002). Effect of in ovo vaccine    delivery route on herpesvirus of turkeys/SB-1 efficacy and viremia.    Avian Dis 46, 274-280.-   173. Wang, T. T., Cheng, W. C., and Lee, B. H. (1998) A simple    program to calculate codon bias index. Mol Biotechnol. 10, 103-6.-   174. Ward, A. C., Castelli, L. A., Lucantoni, A. C., White, J. F.,    Azad, A. A., and Macreadie, I. G. (1995) Expression and analysis of    the NS2 protein of influenza A virus. Arch. Virol. 140, 2067-2073.-   175. Webby, R. J., Perez, D. R., Coleman, J. S., Guan, Y.,    Knight, J. H., Govorkova, E. A., McClain-Moss, L. R., Peiris, J. S.,    Rehg, J. E., Tuomanen, E. I., and Webster, R. G. (2004).    Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for    rapid development of influenza vaccines. Lancet 363, 1099-1103.-   176. Webster, R. G., and Laver, W. G. (1975) Antigenic variation of    influenza viruses, P. 270-314. In E. D. Kilbourne (ed.), The    influenza viruses and influenza. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.    Y.-   177. Webster, R. G., Yakhno, M. A., Hinshaw, V. S., Bean, W. J., and    Murti, K. G. (1978) Intestinal influenza: replication and    characterization of influenza viruses in ducks. Virology 84,    268-278.-   178. Webster, R. G., Laver, W. G., Air, G. M., and    Schild, G. C. (1982) Molecular mechanisms of variation in influenza    viruses. Nature 296, 115-121.-   179. Webster, R. G., and Kawaoka, Y. (1988) Avian influenza. Crit.    Rev. Poult. Biol. 1, 211-246.-   180. Webster, R. G., Reay, P. A., and Laver, W. G. (1998) Protection    against lethal influenza with neuraminidase. Virology 164, 230-237.-   181. White, E., Denton, A., and Stillman, B. (1988) Role of the    adenovirus E1 B 19,000-dalton tumor antigen in regulating early gene    expression. J Virol. 62, 3445-54.-   182. Widders, P. R., Thomas, L. M., Long, K. A., Tokhi, M. A.,    Panaccio, M., and Apos, E. (1998) The specificity of antibody in    chickens immunised to reduce intestinal colonisation with    Campylobacter jejuni. Vet Microbiol. 64, 39-50.-   183. Wolff, E., Delisle, B., Corrieu, G., and Gibert, H. (1990)    Freeze-drying of Streptococcus thermophilus: a comparison between    the vacuum and the atmospheric method. Cryobiology 27, 569-75.-   184. Wood, G. W., McCauley, J. W., Bashiruddin, J. B., and    Alexander, D. J. (1993) Deduced amino acid sequences at the    haemagglutinin cleavage site of avian influenza A viruses of H5 and    H7 subtypes. Arch. Virol. 130, 209-217.-   185. Wood, G. W., Banks, J., McCauley, J. W., and    Alexander, D. J. (1994) Deduced amino acid sequences of the    haemagglutinin of H5N1 avian influenza virus isolates from an    outbreak in turkeys in Norfolk, England. Arch. Virol. 134, 185-194.-   186. Wood, J. M., Major, D., Newman, R. W., Dunleavy, U., Nicolson,    C., Robertson, J. S., and Schild, G. C. (2002). Preparation of    vaccines against H5N1 influenza. Vaccine 20, S84-S87.-   187. Wu, S. Q., Wang, M., Liu, Q., Zhu, Y. J., Suo, X., and    Jiang, J. S. (2004) Construction of DNA vaccines and their induced    protective immunity against experimental Eimeria tenella infection.    Parasitol Res. 94, 332-6.-   188. Wyszynska, A., Raczko, A., Lis, M., and    Jagusztyn-Krynicka, E. K. (2004) Oral immunization of chickens with    avirulent Salmonella vaccine strain carrying C. jejuni 72Dz/92 cjaA    gene elicits specific humoral immune response associated with    protection against challenge with wild-type Campylobacter. Vaccine    22, 1379-89.-   189. Yamaguchi, T., Iritani, Y., and Hayashi, Y. (1988) Serological    response of chickens either vaccinated or artificially infected with    Haemophilus paragallinarum. Avian Dis. 32, 308-12.-   190. Yasuda, J., Nakada, S., Kato, A., Toyoda, T., and Ishihama,    A., (1993) Molecular assembly of influenza virus: association of the    NS2 protein with virion matrix. Virology 196, 249-255.-   191. York, J. J., Strom, A. D., Connick, T. E., McWaters, P. G.,    Boyle, D. B., and Lowenthal, J. W. (1996) In vivo effects of chicken    myelomonocytic growth factor: delivery via a viral vector. J    Immunol. 156, 2991-7.-   192. Yoshida, S., Lee, L. F., Yanagida, N., and Nazerian, K. (1994)    Identification and characterization of a Marek's disease virus gene    homologous to glycoprotein L of herpes simplex virus. Virology 204,    414-9.-   193. Young, J. F., and Palese, P. (1979) Evolution of human    influenza A viruses in nature. Recombination contributes to genetic    variation of HIN1 strains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 6547-6551.-   194. Zebedeem S. L., and Lamb, R. A. (1988) Influenza A virus M2    protein: monoclonal antibody restriction of virus growth and    detection of M2 in virions. J. Virol. 62, 2762-2772.-   195. Zeng, M., Smith, S. K., Siegel, F., Shi, Z., Van Kampen, K. R.,    Elmets, C. A., and Tang, D. C. (2001). AdEasy system made easier by    selecting the viral backbone plasmid preceding homologous    recombination. Biotechniques 31, 260-262.

1. A method of introducing and expressing one or more avian antigens orimmunogens in an avian embryo, comprising contacting the avian embryowith a recombinant human adenovirus expression vector that comprises andexpresses a human adenoviral DNA sequence, and a promoter sequenceoperably linked to a foreign sequence encoding one or more avianantigens or immunogens of interest, thereby obtaining expression of theone or more avian antigens or immunogens in the avian embryo.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the adenovirus expression vector is areplication competent adenovirus (RCA) free recombinant human adenovirusexpression vector.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the adenovirusexpression vector is E1 and/or E3 defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5).4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more avian antigens orimmunogens of interest are derived from avian influenza virus,infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus, avianherpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian infectiousbronchitis virus, avian reovirus, avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox,quailpox, and dovepox, avian polyomavirus, Newcastle Disease virus,avian pneumovirus, avian rhinotracheitis virus, avianreticuloendotheliosis virus, avian retroviruses, avian endogenous virus,avian erythroblastosis virus, avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus,avian enteritis virus, Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus,avian parvovirus, avian rotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avianmusculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avianmyeloblastosis-associated virus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, aviansarcoma virus, or avian spleen necrosis virus.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the foreign sequence encoding the one or more avian antigens orimmunogens of interest is derived from avian influenza, wherein theavian influenza antigens or immunogens are selected from the groupconsisting of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting occurs by in ovo delivery.7. A method for inoculation of an avian subject, comprising in ovoadministration of a recombinant human adenovirus containing andexpressing an heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding an antigen ofa pathogen of the avian subject.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein thehuman adenovirus comprises sequences derived from replication-defectiveadenovirus, non-replicating adenovirus, replication-competentadenovirus, or wild-type adenovirus.
 9. The method of claim 7, whereinthe antigen of a pathogen of the avian is derived from avian influenza,wherein the avian influenza antigens or immunogens are selected from thegroup consisting of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, orneuraminidase.
 10. A method of inducing an immune response to avianinfluenza in an avian, comprising: administering in ovo to an avian arecombinant human adenovirus expression vector expressing one or moreavian influenza antigens, wherein induction of the immune responseprovides protection against challenge with avian influenza virus. 11.The method of claim 10, wherein the adenovirus expression vectorexpressing one or more avian influenza antigens is administered at adose of about 1×10⁸ to about 1×10¹¹ pfu per egg or an equivalent dosemeasured by ifu or an equivalent dose measured by virus particles. 12.The method of claim 10, wherein the adenovirus expression vectorexpressing one or more avian influenza antigens is administered at adose of about 5×10¹⁰ ¹⁰ pfu per egg or about at a dose of 2×10⁸ ifu peregg or at a dose of about 3×10¹⁰ viral particles per egg.
 13. The methodof claim 10, wherein the immune response provides protection from adifferent influenza subtype than was administered in ovo.
 14. The methodof claim 10, wherein the avian is administered a second dose of therecombinant human adenovirus expression vector expressing one or moreavian influenza antigens post hatch.
 15. The method of claim 14, whereinthe second dose is administered about 2-weeks to about 4-weeks posthatch.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the second dose isadministered intra-muscularly or intranasally.
 17. The method of claim10, wherein the avian is a chicken.
 18. The method of claim 10, whereinthe one or more avian antigens are selected from the group consisting ofhemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, matrix, or neuraminidase.
 19. The methodof claim 10, wherein immunomodulatory molecules are co-administered withthe one or more avian influenza antigens to the avian.
 20. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the adenovirus expression vector is E1 and/or E3defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5).